ere’s today’s date in 850 languages and dialects, complete with a profile of each. I’m favoring languages, both living and dead, that are at least a bit off the beaten track, offer Gregorian calendar terms that depart substantially from your run-of-the-mill neo-Latin, or both. (Spanish? No. Asturian? Yes.)

Heading terms in parentheses ( ) are alternate names for a language, while those in brackets [ ] specify a particular subdivision or dialect shown. Click the language name for its ISO code and profile info. A video screen icon link ( ▭ ) lets you hear how some of these languages sound.

What’s almost unbelievable here is how many non-European languages have Gregorian date terminology like this to dust off, at least for the record, even as their underlying cultures stand foursquare behind Islamic (Hijri), Hindu, Buddhist, or other calendar systems.

For those that expired before the advent of modern place-value numerals I’m using Roman. For Etruscan I’m using Etruscan numerals while pretending those serene, elbow-lounging folks used the Gregorian calendar and reckoned dates sequentially as we do.¹ Traditional Chuvash numerals follow a similar scheme, but with the smaller units to the left of the larger ones, a slash for 5, and a star for 1000. Moksha resembled Chuvash but used a lambda for 10 and a kind of reflected sawhorse for 1000.

The only non-Gregorian date² I’m displaying is a prorated estimate for the Gaulish, whose calendar was offset by about half a month from that used by their Roman contemporaries and whose months alternated between 29 and 30 days as opposed to 30 and 31. I’ve also fudged Tocharian a bit by pulling its 12-month year about two weeks back to synchronize what that mysterious culture considered its first month, naimaññe meñe, with our February.³ You’ll see those two entries marked off with an asterisk.

Peter

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Abaza: Abaza ✧ ABQ ✧ Northwest Caucasian, endangered, 48,000 speakers in Russia and in Turkish diaspora communities. Natively it has 63 consonants but only two vowels. Related closely to Abkhazian below.

28 май [mai] 2020  ▭

Abenaki [Western]: Abenaki [Western] ✧ ABE ✧ Algonquian family. As of 1991 spoken natively by fewer than 20 in Odanak, Quebec, and others in New York State and Connecticut; by 2006, only six. The English word “skunk” likely derives from Abenaki.

28 Kikas “Field maker” 2020

Abkhazian (Abkhaz): Abkhazian (Abkhaz) ✧ ABK ✧ Northwest Caucasian, closely related to Abaza above. 100,000 speakers in Georgia’s heavily contested Abkhazia region, many more in diaspora communities elsewhere. Abkhazian has 58 consonants, six of which are various types of k/q sounds.

28 лаҵара́ [lac̄ãara] 2020  ▭

Abui: Abui ✧ ABZ ✧ Trans-New Guinea family, spoken by 17,000 on Alor Island in eastern Indonesia, just north of East Timor. Abui has no active/passive distinction.

28 afu ía “Fishing month” 2020  ▭

Acehnese: Acehnese ✧ ACE ✧ Malayo-Polynesian, Chamic, 3. 5 million speakers in Aceh Province, Sumatra, Indonesia. Previously used an Arabic script but through its Dutch colonizers’ influence switched to Roman, adding é, è, ë, ö, and ô.

28 Buleuën Limong 2020  ▭

Achang (Ngochang or Maingtha): Achang (Ngochang or Maingtha) ✧ ACN ✧ Sino-Tibetan, Lolo-Burmese, 70,000 speakers in Northern Myanmar and China’s Yunan Province. Five tones, two of which are checked — i.e., with the voice cutting off abruptly at the end.

28 jăhtum 2020

Acholi: Acholi ✧ ACH ✧ Nilo-Saharan family, spoken in Uganda and South Sudan. Since Acholi is tonal and since there are several versions of each vowel, a given one-syllable word can have 14 different vocalizations.

28 Dwe me abic 2020  ▭

Achuar-Shiwiar [Achuar Chicham]: Achuar-Shiwiar [Achuar Chicham] ✧ ACU ✧ From the tiny Jivaroan family, spoken by around 7000 in Peru and Ecuador by the Achuar, Shiwiar and Maina tribes. For numerals greater than four, they switch to Spanish.

28 purusham 2020

Achuar-Shiwiar [Shiwiar Chicham]: Achuar-Shiwiar [Shiwiar Chicham] ✧ ACU ✧ The other dialect of Achuar-Shiwiar

28 nase 2020

Adele (Gidire): Adele (Gidire) ✧ ADE ✧ Niger-Congo family, Kwa, geographically of the Ghana Togo Mountain languages, 37,000 speakers in Togo and Ghana. Most are bilingual in Ewe (q.v.).

28 adʋnpɔsʋn 2020

Afar (Qafár af): Afar (Qafár af) ✧ AAR ✧ Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic. Spoken in Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia by 1. 5 million. Ethiopic and Arabic scripts have been used to write Afar, though a Roman alphabet standard, shown here, was formalized in 1970.

28 Caxah Alsa 2020  ▭

Aghem (Wum): Aghem (Wum) ✧ AGQ ✧ Niger-Congo family, Bantu, Grasslands, 27,000 speakers (and increasing) in northwest Cameroon, informally taught in schools. Aghem speakers are traditionally associated with leopard-skin carpets.

28 ndzɔ̱ŋèsèe 2020

Aghul (Agul): Aghul (Agul) ✧ AGX ✧ Northeast Caucasian, 30,000 speakers mostly in Southern Dagestan. The strength with which certain consonants are articulated — tense versus weak — is contrastive.

28 туьлен [tülen] 2020  ▭

Aguaruna: Aguaruna ✧ AGR ✧ Jivaroan family, 38,000 speakers in Peru along the Marañón, Potro, Mayo, and Cahuapanas rivers. Virtually all speak Spanish as a second language. Vowels can be short, long, or nazalized.

28 kegketin 2020

Ahom: Ahom ✧ AHO ✧ Kra-Dai family, Brahmaputra river valley, reportedly extinct since 1899 though widely studied. Unique script.

28 [din ha] 2020  ▭

Ahtna [Central]: Ahtna [Central] ✧ AHT ✧ Athabaskan, around 80 speakers (all dialects combined), Alaska’s Copper River. Incorporates about 100 Russian loanwords.

28 tsabaey na’aaye’ “Grayling month” 2020  ▭

Ahtna [Lower]: Ahtna [Lower] ✧ AHT ✧ Another dialect of Ahtna

28 c‶eggaayi na‶aaye‶ “When animals are born” 2020

Ahtna [Upper, Mentasa]: Ahtna [Upper, Mentasa] ✧ AHT ✧ Another dialect of Ahtna

28 unen kac’elaxa 2020

Ainu: Ainu ✧ AIN ✧ Aboriginal language of Japanese archipelago, ancestry unknown, nearly extinct natively. Kayano Shigeru (1906-2006), author of Our Land Was a Forest, was a major force in promoting and popularizing his native language and culture.

28 shikintachup -or- mochup 2020  ▭

Aja {Benin-Togo}: Aja {Benin-Togo} ✧ AJG ✧ Niger-Congo, Gbe, spoken by half a million Aja people in Benin and Togo. Closely related to Ewe and Fon (qq.v.); not to be confused with a Nilo-Saharan language also called Aja. The ɖ here and in many other languages represents a d sound with the tongue curled backwards.

28 zalekwi 2020

Akan (Twi): Akan (Twi) ✧ AKA ✧ Niger-Congo Language native to Ghana and Ivory Coast, also brought to South America by slaves

28 Esusow Aketseaba-Kɔtɔnimba 2020  ▭

Akha [Puli/Standard]: Akha [Puli/Standard] ✧ AHK ✧ Sino-Tibetan, Loloish, 600,000 speakers in Burma’s Shan State, northern Laos, and northern Thailand. Four tones shown by hacheks and circumflexes above and below vowels (-̌ -̂ -̬ -̭  ) but also the letter m, which too can be tonal.

28 leǔt c̱ě 2020

Alabama (Alibamu): Alabama (Alibamu) ✧ AKZ ✧ Muskogean language, akin to Chickasaw and Choctaw (qq.v.), spoken in Texas. Regular versus nasalized vowels, contrastive vowel length.

28 hasiholtina istatáɬɬàapi 2020

Albanian [Gheg]: Albanian [Gheg] ✧ SQI ✧ Indo-European language with its very own branch. Unlike many languages it uses both the voiced and unvoiced th sounds (IPA symbols ð, θ).

28 maj 2020  ▭

Albanian [Tosk] (Arberesh): Albanian [Tosk] (Arberesh) ✧ ALS ✧ Albanian dialect spoken in Italy, partial interintelligibility with its Gheg dialect above.

28 maj 2020  ▭

Aleut [Atkan]: Aleut [Atkan] ✧ ALE ✧ Eskimo-Aleut family, Aleut branch, native to the Alaskan Peninsula and the Aleutian, Commander, and Pribilof Islands. Aleut in total has around 150 speakers. Two groups survive, Atkan being the smaller.

28 Agika tigaluĝa “Rubbing pad” -or- Maayax̂ 2020  ▭

Algonquin: Algonquin ✧ ALQ ✧ Algonquian family, closely related to (but divergent from) Ojibwe (q.v.). 1800 speakers in Quebec and Ontario.

28 wábigun gizis “Flower month” 2020

Altai (Gorno-Altai): Altai (Gorno-Altai) ✧ ATV ✧ Turkic, Siberian Turkic branch, around 50,000 speakers in Russia’s Altai Republic where it is official. Previously written with the Roman alphabet, it has used the Cyrillic since 1938.

28 кÿÿк ай [küük ay] 2020  ▭

Aluku: Aluku ✧ ??? ✧ A creole combining English, Dutch, African languages, and French that arose among escaped African slaves in Suriname and French Guiana. Generations ago Aluku was a pretty big deal, but as of 1980 there were only 33 speakers left.

28 feyfi mun fu baka yali 2020

Alutiiq [Kodiak]: Alutiiq [Kodiak] ✧ EMS ✧ An Eskimo-Aleut language, indigenous to the Alaska and Kenai Peninsulas and Kodiak Island, with around 200 native speakers. Two chief dialects, Kodiak (shown here) and Chugach.

28 Nikllit Iraluat “Red salmon moon” 2020  ▭

Amharic: Amharic ✧ AMH ✧ Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, spoken in Ethiopia by 22 million. Not to be confused with Syriac Aramaic (q.v.).

28 ግንቦት [ganbot] 2020  ▭

Amis: Amis ✧ AMI ✧ Austronesian, East Formosan, the most popular aboriginal Taiwanese language at 181,000 speakers along the island’s eastern coast. Five dialects.

28 miheca lima 2020

Anejom̃ (Aneityum): Anejom̃ (Aneityum) ✧ ATY ✧ Malayo-Polynesian, Southern Oceanic, spoken by several hundred people on Aneityum/Anatom, Vanuatu’s southernmost island. Vowel and consonant lengths are contrastive; noun genders are animate versus inanimate.

28 netoh has “Premature sugar cane” 2020

Angami (Tenyidie): Angami (Tenyidie) ✧ NJM ✧ Sino-Tibetan family, eight dialects, 130,000 speakers in India’s Nagaland. Angami has five tones plus “breathy.” Listed as vulnerable by UNESCO.

28 Ketsu o krö 2020  ▭

Anii: Anii ✧ BLO ✧ A Niger-Congo language spoken by 49,000 in Benin and Togo. Anii observes strict vowel harmony (like Turkic and Uralic languages such as Finnish) and is bitonal.

28 Acaf:nɖuka kaŋɔrɔ 2020

Apache [Jicarilla]: Apache [Jicarilla] ✧ APJ ✧ Athabaskan family, New Mexico, about 500 speakers, tonal. Unusually rich sound inventory (34 consonants, 16 vowels) including ejectives and an n sound which like a vowel can carry tones.

28 It'âânátso 2020  ▭

Apache [Western]: Apache [Western] ✧ APW ✧ Athabaskan family, SE Arizona, 14,000 native speakers. Acute accents indicate a high tone on a vowel.

28 T’ąątsoh “Big leaves” -or- Itsáh Hashkēē “Angry eagle” 2020  ▭

Apatani (Tani): Apatani (Tani) ✧ APT ✧ Sino-Tibetan family, Western Tani, 45,000 native speakers in India’s Arunachal Pradesh. Tonal, both vowel and consonant lengths are contrastive. Most nouns have two syllables.

28 enda piilo 2020  ▭

Arabic [Levantine]: Arabic [Levantine] ✧ APC ✧ Afro-Asiatic family, Semitic. Descended from Ancient North Arabian.

٢٨ أيار [ayyār] ٢٠٢٠  ▭

Arabic [Libyan]: Arabic [Libyan] ✧ AYL ✧ An alternative terminology established under Muammar Gaddafi. Aside from that, this dialect has been influenced by Maltese and Sicilian.

٢٨ الماء [al mā’] ٢٠٢٠  ▭

Arabic [Moroccan] (Darija): Arabic [Moroccan] (Darija) ✧ ARY ✧ From the Maghrebi subgroup of Arabic, heavily influenced by Berber languages along with French and Spanish. Between 50% and 70% of Moroccans speak Darija.

٢٨ شهر خمسة [sheher khemsa] ٢٠٢٠

Aragonese (“fabla”): Aragonese (“fabla”) ✧ ARG ✧ Indo-European, Romance. Spoken by 25,500 in Northern Aragon, endangered, mutually intelligible with Spanish.

28 mayo 2020

Arapaho: Arapaho ✧ ARP ✧ Algonquian, Arapahoan branch, natively spoken by 1000 mostly living on the Wind River Reservation in Wyoming. Akin to Gros Ventre (q.v.). Uses a ȝ, (Roman letter yogh or numeral 3), for the unvoiced th sound (IPA θ).

28 biiskootiɂ -or- biiskootiiniisiis 2020  ▭

Arikara: Arikara ✧ ARI ✧ A North American indigenous language from the Caddoan family, related to Pawnee (q.v.) but not mutually intelligible with it. A handful of speakers remain in White Shield, North Dakota.

28 ataawiriwaaríkux “Memorial Day [month]” 2020

Aromanian (Vlach): Aromanian (Vlach) ✧ RUP ✧ A Romance language often considered a Romanian dialect, spoken throughout the Balkans, Greece, and Turkey. Aromanian has more Greek influence; Romanian, more Slavic.

28 maiu -or- måju -or- mailu 2020  ▭

Arosi: Arosi ✧ AIA ✧ Malayo-Polynesian, Solomonic, spoken by 6800 on Makira (San Cristobal) Island, east of Guadalcanal in the Solomons.

28 rangisi mwaoo -or- waruahe 2020

Arpitan (Franco-Provençal) [Lyonnais Bressan]: Arpitan (Franco-Provençal) [Lyonnais Bressan] ✧ FRP ✧ Arpitan is a group of Gallo-Romance languages heard in parts of France, western Switzerland, and northwestern Italy. This dialect is spoken in Bresse, Ain West; Revermont, French Jura Southwest; and Saône-et-Loire East.

28 mé -or- mè 2020

Arpitan (Franco-Provençal) [Savoyard]: Arpitan (Franco-Provençal) [Savoyard] ✧ FRP ✧ An Arpitan dialect spoken around Savoy in western France

28 mé 2020  ▭

Arpitan (Franco-Provençal) [Stéphenois]: Arpitan (Franco-Provençal) [Stéphenois] ✧ FRP ✧ An Arpitan dialect spoken around Saint-étienne in eastern central France

28 mouais 2020

Assiniboine 1 (Nakota): Assiniboine 1 (Nakota) ✧ ASB ✧ A Siouan language spoken by 150 or so in the Northern US/Canadian Plains. Like Dalecarlian (q.v.) and Polish it has nasal vowels signaled with ogoneks, in this case Ą, Į, and Ų.

28 mnogédu ahínąpe hą́wi -or- pežíto uyé hą́wi 2020

Assiniboine 2 (Nakota): Assiniboine 2 (Nakota) ✧ ASB ✧ Alternative terminology

28 waȟcá éknebi hąwí -or- waȟpé hą́wi 2020

Asturian: Asturian ✧ AST ✧ Indo-European, Romance, Northern Spain (Oviedo/Gijón area), 350,000 native speakers. Three genders.

28 mayu 2020  ▭

Atayal: Atayal ✧ TAY ✧ Austronesian family, Northern Formosan, Atayalic, an indigenous language of northern Taiwan with 84,000 speakers. Two major dialects.

28 tay ymagal byacing 2020

Atikamekw: Atikamekw ✧ ATJ ✧ Algonquian family, Cree complex, 5500 speakers in southwestern Quebec

28 wapikon pisimw 2020

Atong {India/Bangladesh}: Atong {India/Bangladesh} ✧ AOT ✧ Unlike many Sino-Tibetan languages, this one is non-tonal. Spoken by 10,000 in northeast India and adjacent regions of Bangladesh, most of whom are bilingual in Garo (q.v.). Not to be confused with the Niger-Congo Atong language.

28 mai 2020

Atsugewi: Atsugewi ✧ ATW ✧ This [possibly] Hokan, Shasta–Palaihnihan language of California went extinct with the death of Medie Webster in 1988. Atsugewis saw the Big Dipper as Coyote’s cane; the Milky Way, the Devil’s trail.

28 pEtskak “Epos roots (Perideridia gairdneri) time” 2020

Austro-Bavarian: Austro-Bavarian ✧ BAR ✧ Akin to High German but highly divergent from it, using more Latin. Rural Austria, Bavaria, and South Tyrol. Three main dialects.

28 Mai 2020  ▭

Avar [Premodern/Folk]: Avar [Premodern/Folk] ✧ AVA ✧ Northeast Caucasian language spoken in Dagestan and Azerbaijan. Uses either Cyrillic or Arabic script.

28 рекьарулъ / رېڨارۇڸ [rek’arul″] 2020  ▭

Awa Pit (Cuaiquer): Awa Pit (Cuaiquer) ✧ KWI ✧ Barbacoan family, seriously endangered, spoken by 13,000 on the Pacific slopes of the Andes in Colombia and Ecuador by the Awa-Kwaiker people. Most Awa-Kwaiker men also speak Spanish; most women and children, only Awa Pit.

28 mane 2020

Aymara: Aymara ✧ AYM ✧ South American indigenous language from the Aymaran family which has only two members, the other being Jaqaru (q.v.). Unusual time/space conceptualization, uses only a, i, and u for vowels.

28 llamayu phaxsi -or- llamayu 2020  ▭

⌅

Bafia: Bafia ✧ KSF ✧ Niger-Congo, Bantu, spoken by 60,000 in southwestern Cameroon. Mostly oral, but efforts at establishing a written standard are underway.

28 ŋwíí akǝ táan 2020

Bagirmi: Bagirmi ✧ BMI ✧ Nilo-Saharan family, approx. 45,000 speakers in Chad and Nigeria. This was the language of the Sultanate of Bagirmi which ruled southeast of Lake Chad between 1523 and 1897.

28 Nap mi 2020

Bagvalal (Bagulal): Bagvalal (Bagulal) ✧ KVA ✧ Northeast Caucasian, seriously endangered, 1500 speakers in Dagestan’s Tsumadinsky District. Features ejectives and nazalized vowels. Outside the home, speakers rely on Avar (q.v.) or Russian.

28 ма́йбос̄ӏ [máiboss̓] 2020

Bahasa Banjar: Bahasa Banjar ✧ BJN ✧ Malayo-Polynesian, spoken by the Banjarese of South Kalimantan in Indonesia

28 Mai 2020  ▭

Bakweri (Kpwe or Mokpwe): Bakweri (Kpwe or Mokpwe) ✧ BGM ✧ Niger-Congo, Bantu Zone A, 25,000 speakers in Cameroon

28 Efimba Meeya 2020

Balochi (Baluchi): Balochi (Baluchi) ✧ BAL ✧ Indo-Iranian language related to Kurdish (q.v.), 7. 6 million speakers. Uses Pashto and Roman script.

28 soxkán 2020  ▭

Bambara: Bambara ✧ BAM ✧ Niger-Congo, Mande, Manding, spoken by 15 million in Mali. Two tones, many French loans, mutually intelligible with Dyula (q.v.). Same word used for hand and arm.

28 mè kalo 2020  ▭

Bariai: Bariai ✧ BCH ✧ Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Ngero group, 1400 speakers in Papua New Guinea

28 apin gui 2020

Basaa: Basaa ✧ BAS ✧ Niger-Congo, Bantu. Four tones, 230,000 speakers in Camaroon. (Not to be confused with Bassa, below.)

28 mòpuèyáè 2020

Bashkir: Bashkir ✧ BAK ✧ Turkic language spoken in Bashkortostan between the Volga and Urals. Like all Turkics, agglutinative.

28 һабанай [habanai] 2020

Basque [Biscayan]: Basque [Biscayan] ✧ EUS ✧ Basque is an agglutinative Pre-Indo-European language isolate spoken in the Pyrenees area. This is the dialect heard on the Bay of Biscay.

28 maiatz -or- orril 2020  ▭

Basque [Guipuzcoan]: Basque [Guipuzcoan] ✧ EUS ✧ Basque dialect spoken in Guipuzcoa, a tiny Northern Spanish province at the eastern extreme of the Cantabrian sea. Originally studied and analyzed by Louis Lucien Bonaparte, Napoleon’s nephew.

28 orril -or- maiatz 2020

Basque [Souletin]: Basque [Souletin] ✧ EUS ✧ Basque dialect spoken in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département of France. Heavily influenced by Occitan (q.v.) and correspondingly features an additional vowel sound, ü.

28 epaila 2020

Bassa: Bassa ✧ BSQ ✧ Niger-Congo, Kru. Seven vowels with five tones each, spoken by 400,000 in Liberia and Sierra Leone. (Not to be confused with Basaa, above.)

28 Dùò 2020

Batak: Batak ✧ BYA ✧ Malayo-Polynesian family. Unique script, spoken in north Sumatra. Each day from 1 through 30 has its own name, shown here in angle quotes.

28 《samisara bulan mate》 sipaha dua 2020  ▭

Bats (Batsbi or Tsova-Tush): Bats (Batsbi or Tsova-Tush) ✧ BBL ✧ Northeast Caucasian, Nakh branch but unintelligible with Chechen or Ingush (qq.v.). Approx. 2500 speakers. Vowels can be nazalized, and both vowels and consonants can be either long or short.

კჱ ვარდობ [vardob] ცკ  ▭

Belarusian: Belarusian ✧ BEL ✧ East Slavic, closely related to Ukrainian [q.v.]. Though Belarusian is official in Belarus, only about 12% of the population uses it. Unlike Russian, it employs the characters І, Ї, and Ў.

28 мая [maya] -or- травень [traven’] 2020  ▭

Belep (Nyâlayu): Belep (Nyâlayu) ✧ YLY ✧ Malayo-Polynesian, Southern Oceanic, Northern New Caledonian, 1600 speakers in and around New Caledonia’s Belep Islands. Unlike its neighbors, Belep vowel length is not contrastive.

28 mwanok pwanem 2020

Bemba (Chibemba): Bemba (Chibemba) ✧ BEM ✧ Niger-Congo family, Southern Bantu. Tonal, spoken in Zambia. In proper names, the letter C is written as Ch.

28 akapepo kanono 2020  ▭

Bena: Bena ✧ BEZ ✧ Niger-Congo family, Northeast Bantu, spoken in south central Tanzania

28 pa mwedzi gwa wuhanu 2020

Beothuk: Beothuk ✧ BUE ✧ Possibly Algonquian, spoken by a reclusive indigenous Newfoundland tribe, extinct since 1829 with the death of its last speaker, Shanawdithit. European encroachment had led to their eventual extinction.

28 bedejamish bewajowit/bewajowite 2020  ▭

Berta [Mayu]: Berta [Mayu] ✧ WTI ✧ Nilo-Saharan (tentatively), native to the Benishangul-Gumuz region of Sudan and Ethiopia. Of all five Berta dialects there are 370,000 speakers.

28 zigí sqúllá mey 2020

Bété [Eastern/Daloa]: Bété [Eastern/Daloa] ✧ BEV ✧ Niger-Congo, Kru. Bete is spoken by 400,000 in the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire; this is one of its five dialects. The language is tonal and its speakers count in base 20.

28 'napɛ 'ngbï -leyi 2020  ▭

Beti [Ewondo] (Kolo): Beti [Ewondo] (Kolo) ✧ EWO ✧ Niger-Congo family, Southern Bantu, tonal, with half a million speakers of this dialect in Cameroon. It serves as a lingua franca, though French is gradually displacing it.

28 ngɔn tána 2020

Bezhta (Kapucha): Bezhta (Kapucha) ✧ KAP ✧ Preliterate Northeast Caucasian language spoken by around 6800 in Southern Dagestan.

28 мази [mazi] 2020

Biete (Biate): Biete (Biate) ✧ BIU ✧ A Sino-Tibetan, Kuki-Chin language spoken by 30,000 in northeast India (Meghalaya, Assam, Mizoram, Manipur, and Tripura). Related to Mizo (q.v.).

28 Tharlâk 2020

Bishnupriya Manipuri: Bishnupriya Manipuri ✧ BPY ✧ Indo-Aryan, 120,000 native speakers, not to be confused with Sino-Tibetan Meitei, also known as Manipuri (q.v.). Uses the rather uncommon Eastern Nagari script.

২৮ ২০২০  ▭

Bislama: Bislama ✧ BIS ✧ English-Austronesian creole with 10,000 native speakers and 200,000 non-native, official in Vanuatu. Vocabulary is mostly English; grammar and sound inventory, Austronesian languages.

28 Mei 2020  ▭

Blackfoot (Siksika): Blackfoot (Siksika) ✧ BLA ✧ Algonquian family, unusual pitch system. About 5000 speakers in Montana and Southern Alberta.

28 aapistsísskitsaato’s 2020  ▭

Blin (Bilen): Blin (Bilen) ✧ BYN ✧ Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic. 70,000 speakers around Keren, Eritrea. Akin to Tigrinya (q.v.) and Tigre (Tigrayit).

28 [gnbotri] 2020

Bonggi (Kamus Bonggi): Bonggi (Kamus Bonggi) ✧ BDG ✧ Malayo-Polynesian, North Bornean, 1400 speakers on the Banggi and Balambangan islands in Malaysia’s Kudat District.

28 buaidn lima 2020

Breton (Armoric): Breton (Armoric) ✧ BRE ✧ Indo-European, Celtic, Brythonic. Spoken in Brittany, related to Welsh and Cornish (qq.v.).

28 mis mae 2020  ▭

Bukhori (Judaeo-Tajik): Bukhori (Judaeo-Tajik) ✧ BHH ✧ A Persian dialect with Hebrew, Turkic, and Slavic loans spoken by Bukharan Jews living in central Asia and diaspora communities in Israel and the US. Uses Hebrew script, but under Soviet influence it also appears in Roman and Cyrillic. .

28 מאַי [mai] 2020

Bulgar: Bulgar ✧ XBO ✧ Presumably Turkic, extinct since medieval times, unrelated to modern Bulgarian (which is South Slavic). Bulgar’s modern descendant is Chuvash (q.v.).

XXVIII saban ae MMXX

Bulgarian [Eastern Rup, 19th century]: Bulgarian [Eastern Rup, 19th century] ✧ BUL ✧ South Slavic. From the south-central Bulgarian town of Asenovgrad.

28 ирмнске [irmnske] 2020

Bulgarian [Rhodope, pre-1945]: Bulgarian [Rhodope, pre-1945] ✧ BUL ✧ Another Bulgarian, here from the Rhodope Mountains around Smolyan

28 гéрgювдень [gérgyuvdeny] 2020  ▭

Burgundian (Bourguignon-morvandiau): Burgundian (Bourguignon-morvandiau) ✧ ??? ✧ Endangered Langue d’oïl spoken in Burgundy. Not to be confused with East Germanic Burgundian, extinct since the 6th century, though there are historic overlaps.

28 mai 2020

Burmese: Burmese ✧ MYA ✧ Sino-Tibetan. Spoken in Myanmar/Burma, tonal. Unusual sounds such as an unvoiced m and n. Script favors arcs and circles because the ancient Burmese wrote on palm leaves and straight lines would risk splitting them.

[me]   ▭

Burum (Somba-Siawari): Burum (Somba-Siawari) ✧ BMU ✧ Trans-New Guinea family, Finisterre–Huon, Western Huon, spoken by 9000 in Papua New Guinea’s Morobe Province on the Huon Peninsula. Its alternate name cites its two dialects, Somba and Siawari.

28 pol 2020

Burushaski: Burushaski ✧ BSK ✧ A language isolate spoken by 90,000 in Northern Pakistan and Jammu and Kashmir in India. Three dialects: Hunza, Nagar, and Wershikwar. Burushaski has four genders, and its actions often specify how loud something was.

28 ǰawza 2020  ▭

Burushaski [Wershikwar]: Burushaski [Wershikwar] ✧ BSK ✧ Native to the Yasin Valley, spoken by some 20,000 of the 90,000 total for Burushaski in general. More divergent than Hunza and Nagar, Wershikwar is seen by some as a separate language.

28 tik tarqesh 2020

Buryat [Premodern]: Buryat [Premodern] ✧ BUA ✧ Mongolic language related to Mongolian and Oirat (qq.v.). China, Mongolia, and eastern Russia.

28 табадугаар һара [tabadugaar ḥara] 2020  ▭

⌅

Caddo: Caddo ✧ CAD ✧ Critically endangered member of the Caddoan family, related to Arikara and Pawnee (qq.v.), tonal, spoken by about two dozen individuals in Caddo County, Oklahoma.

28 Hash’-nih (H)a’-i-may 2020

Carrier (Dakelh): Carrier (Dakelh) ✧ CRX ✧ Na-Dené family, Athabaskan. A few hundred speakers in The Yekooche First Nation in British Columbia.

28 d07gus uzʔ 2020

Catalan: Catalan ✧ CAT ✧ Indo-European, Romance. Spoken in Catalonia, Valencia, the Balearic Islands, and the country of Andorra where it’s official. Its name comes from the word “castle.”

28 de maig 2020  ▭

Cayuga: Cayuga ✧ CAY ✧ Iroquoian family, heard on the Six Nations of the Grand River Reserve in Ontario and the Cattaraugus Reservation in New York State. Only 79 fluent speakers. Vowels are lengthened by a colon; some can be nasalzed, others whispered.

28 Ga·náʔgaht “Horns/antlers” 2020

Cerma: Cerma ✧ CME ✧ Niger-Congo, Gur, 63,000 speakers in Burkina Faso and Côte d'Ivoire. Three dialects: Banfora, Niangoloko, and Soubakanié Dougou.

28 wɔŋwɔŋo 2020

Cham [Eastern]: Cham [Eastern] ✧ CJM ✧ Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, 245,000 speakers in Cambodia and Vietnam. Akin to Rade (q.v.). Cham itself is the oldest-attested Austronesian language with inscriptions dating back to the fourth century CE.

balan limue   ▭

Cham [Western]: Cham [Western] ✧ CJA ✧ The other main Cham dialect, 73,000 speakers in Vietnam. Eastern and Western Cham have diverged so much that they are no longer mutually intelligible.

blaan lamu

Chamorro [Premodern]: Chamorro [Premodern] ✧ CHA ✧ Malayo-Polynesian, 58,000 speakers in the Marianas, about half of those in the US territory of Guam. This is their pre-Spanish terminology as cited by Louis Claude de Freycinet in 1819.

28 Makmamao 2020

Chamí Emberá: Chamí Emberá ✧ CMI ✧ From the Chacoan family, Emberá branch, 7800 speakers. The Chamí Emberá represent about 2% of Colombia’s indigenous population.

28 ‘ixawil mayo 2020

Chang (Mochungrr): Chang (Mochungrr) ✧ NBC ✧ Sino-Tibetan, Brahmaputran branch, 62,000 Scheduled Chang Naga tribe speakers in Nagaland, northeast India. Uses the Roman alphabet, introduced in 1928.

28 Nikelit 2020

Chatino [Zona Alta]: Chatino [Zona Alta] ✧ CLY ✧ Zapotecan language spoken by 23,000 in Southern Oaxaca, Mexico. It has ten tones and uses nasal vowels.

28 ko' mayu 2020

Chayahuita: Chayahuita ✧ CBT ✧ One of only two languages belonging to the Cahuapanan family, spoken by 14,000 in the department of Loreto in the Peruvian province of Alto Amazonas. Some area education is bilingual Chayahuita/Spanish.

28 san antonio yoqui 2020

Chechen 1: Chechen 1 ✧ CHE ✧ Northeast Caucasian family, Nakh branch, related to Ingush (q.v.). It features an unusually large vowel inventory for a Caucasian language. Traditionally written with the Georgian alphabet, later the Arabic, finally the Cyrillic.

28 тӀул [t̓ul] 2020  ▭

Chechen 2: Chechen 2 ✧ CHE ✧ A second alternative terminology for Chechen, inspired by the native Vainakh religion

28 сели бутт [seli butt] “Month of Sela (god of lightning, fire)” 2020  ▭

Chechen 3: Chechen 3 ✧ CHE ✧ A third alternative terminology for Chechen, entirely secular and based on the seasons

28 стигалкъекъа бутт [stigalq̇yeq̇a butt] “Thunder month” 2020  ▭

Cherokee [Overhill]: Cherokee [Overhill] ✧ CHR ✧ Iroquoian family, Oklahoma. This is the Cherokee standard upon which Sequoyah based his unique script; further along he pursuaded the Eastern Cherokee speakers of North Carolina to adopt it.

28 [Anasgvti] “Planting” 2020  ▭

Chewa (Chichewa or Nyanja): Chewa (Chichewa or Nyanja) ✧ NYA ✧ Niger-Congo family, Bantoid. Spoken in Malawi and Zambia. Unusually complex gender system.

28 mwezi wa Meyi 2020

Cheyenne: Cheyenne ✧ CHY ✧ Algonquian family. Four principal tones, three principal vowels (a, e, o) which in some cases can can be voiceless. About 2000 native speakers in Montana and Oklahoma.

28 Matse’omeeše’he 2020  ▭

Chickasaw: Chickasaw ✧ CIC ✧ Muskogean family, related to Alabama and Choctaw (qqv.), approx. some 75 speakers total in Oklahoma, USA. Same word used for hand and arm.

28 Me 2020

Chilcotin: Chilcotin ✧ CLC ✧ Athabaskan, approx. 860 native speakers in Chilcotin Country, central British Columbia. Chilcotin is bitonal and exhibits consonant harmony.

28 Benen Gwets'enedzɨsh 2020

Chimané [Mosetén]: Chimané [Mosetén] ✧ CAS ✧ Language isolate (?) spoken by around 2000 north of La Paz, Bolivia. Same word used for hand and arm.

28 khanam’yatyi’ ïwaj 2020  ▭

Chinese [Hakka]: Chinese [Hakka] ✧ HAK ✧ Sino-Tibetan. Taiwan, SE China, diaspora communities worldwide. Unintelligible with Mandarin Chinese and, also unlike Mandarin, employs a final m.

28 五月 uŋ³ ŋiet⁶ 2020  ▭

Chinook Jargon (Wawa): Chinook Jargon (Wawa) ✧ CHN ✧ A trading language that thrived in the Pacific Northwest during the 19th century. Combined Native American and European vocabulary, though evidence suggests a form of it predated Old World contact. Its Chinuk pipa script arose in the 1880s.

28 / Mi 2020

Chiwere (Iowa-Otoe-Missouria): Chiwere (Iowa-Otoe-Missouria) ✧ IOW ✧ Western Siouan, akin to Winnebago (q.v.), natively extinct since 1996 though there are some 40 mostly older semi-fluent speakers. Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma. Males and females speak with two different styles or registers.

28 Wixroinge 2020

Choctaw: Choctaw ✧ CHO ✧ Muskogean, related to Alabama and Chickasaw (qq.v.). South-central USA, 18,000 speakers.

28 Me 2020  ▭

Choyo (Queyu): Choyo (Queyu) ✧ QVY ✧ A Sino-Tibetan, Qiangic language of Yajiang and Xinlong Counties in Sichuan with approx. 7000 speakers. Choyo is closely akin to another Qiangic language, Zhaba, spoken by a similar number in Yajiang and Daofu Counties.

28 da³⁵wa⁵⁵ŋa⁵⁵pa⁵³ 2020

Chukchansi: Chukchansi ✧ YOK ✧ Of uncertain family, classified as Yokutsan, Nim. Endemic to California’s San Joaquin Valley. Only eight native speakers listed as of 2011, but currently taught in area elementary schools.

28 Shokewtaw 2020

Chukchi: Chukchi ✧ CKT ✧ Chukotko-Kamchatkan family, about 10,000 speakers in extreme eastern Siberia. Uses vowel harmony. Also, words cannot begin or end with consonant blends.

28 мимлыръылин [mimlyr”ylin] 2020  ▭

Chuukese (Trukese): Chuukese (Trukese) ✧ CHK ✧ Malayo-Polynesian, Micronesian, spoken by around 50,000 ethnic Chuukese on the Chuuk Islands of the Carolines plus Pohnpei and Guam. Remarkably, begins some words with doubled consonants.

28 Meyi 2020

Chuvash: Chuvash ✧ CHV ✧ Turkic, spoken in the Urals. Features “hard” versus “soft” words. Genderless, agglutinative.

III/XX çу [śu] XX✳✳  ▭

Cimbrian: Cimbrian ✧ CIM ✧ A Germanic language akin to Mocheno (q.v.) spoken by approx. 400 in Italy’s Tyrol whose grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation render it unintelligible to Standard High German speakers. Italian has largely displaced it.

28 madjo 2020  ▭

Circassian (Cherkess) [Adyghe]: Circassian (Cherkess) [Adyghe] ✧ ADY ✧ Northwest Caucasian. Has 50-60 consonant sounds, mutually intelligible with the Kabardian dialect group below. Circassian has many Persian, Turkish, Arabic, and Russian loans.

28 жъоныгъуакI [ʐonəġ°āk’] 2020  ▭

Circassian (Cherkess) [Kabardian]: Circassian (Cherkess) [Kabardian] ✧ KBD ✧ The other major Circassian grouping, also called East Circassian. Mutually intelligible with Adyghe above.

28 вэнгъуэкIэ [vanʁʷak’a] -or- накъыгъэ [nāqəʁa] 2020  ▭

Coeur d’Alene: Coeur d’Alene ✧ CRD ✧ Salishan family, Interior, Southern. Natively spoken by two elders as of 2014, though knowledge is spreading and KWIS FM 88.3 in Plummer, Idaho offers Coeur d’Alene programming.

28 Sɬoq’wa’yalqw “Tree bark is loose” 2020

Cofán: Cofán ✧ CON ✧ A seriously endangered language isolate spoken by 2400 Cofán people in Sucumbíos Province in northeast Ecuador and neighboring Colombia. Natively it counts in base 5.

28 kunsiyayapaite 2020

Comanche [Eastern]: Comanche [Eastern] ✧ SWB ✧ Uto-Aztecan family, Numic; native to Texas, New Mexico, Kansas, Colorado, and Oklahoma; some two dozen speakers currently. Comanche was one of the languages used by the Code Talkers during World War II.

28 Totsiyaa mua “Flower moon” 2020

Comorian [Maore] (Shimaore): Comorian [Maore] (Shimaore) ✧ SWB ✧ Niger-Congo family, Bantu. 80,000 speakers on French islands of Mayotte. Originally written in Arabic script.

28 me 2020

Coptic: Coptic ✧ COP ✧ Afro-Asiatic, Ptolemaic Egyptian. Extinct as vernacular, used for Coptic Orthodox liturgy. Greek-derived alphabet plus characters pulled from Egyptian hieroglyphics. (The Church observes its own calendar, but these are Coptic’s Gregorian terms.)

28 Ⲙⲁⲓⲟⲥ [mayos] 2020  ▭

Cornish: Cornish ✧ COR ✧ Celtic, Brythonic. Cornwall and Isles of Scilly, natively extinct but nowadays actively studied and taught. Like all Celtic languages, a Cornish noun changes its initial consonant sound depending on its role in a sentence.

28 mys Me 2020  ▭

Corsican: Corsican ✧ COS ✧ Indo-European, Romance, and unlike Sardinian (q.v.) this language is mutually intelligible with Italian. Spoken on Corsica, endangered.

28 maghju 2020  ▭

Cotabato Manobo [Dulangan Manobo]: Cotabato Manobo [Dulangan Manobo] ✧ MTA ✧ Malayo-Polynesian, spoken by 30,000 in the Sultan Kudarat and South Cotabato Provinces of Mindinao, Philippines. The Tasaday, once decried as a hoax tribe but now confirmed, speak a dialect of Cotabato Manobo.

28 mayu 2020

Cree: Cree ✧ CRE ✧ Algonquian family. Formerly creolized with French and Scottish Gaelic. Official in Canada’s Northwest Territories, almost 100,000 speakers. Related to Montagnais Innu (q.v.).

28 aligipizun “Frog” 2020  ▭

Creek (Muscogee or Seminole): Creek (Muscogee or Seminole) ✧ MUS ✧ Muskogean family, tonal with nazalizations, 5000 speakers in Oklahoma and Florida

28 kee-hvsee “Mulberry” 2020

Crimean Tatar: Crimean Tatar ✧ CRH ✧ Half a million speakers. Although Turkic like Tatar, CT is not considered a Tatar dialect and they are not mutually intelligible.

28 qural ayı 2020  ▭

Croatian [Traditional]: Croatian [Traditional] ✧ HRV ✧ South Slavic, spoken in Croatia, Bosnia Herzegovina, and parts of Serbia. Uses the Roman alphabet as opposed to Serbian which uses Cyrillic.

28 svibanj “Budding month” 2020

Crow (Apsáalooke): Crow (Apsáalooke) ✧ CRO ✧ Siouan family, Western, as of 2007 spoken by 3500 in the Crow Nation in southwest Montana. Considered endangered, though schoolchildren are actively learning it and adolescents attend the Apsaalooke language camp for Crow language immersion.

28 bíawaksaanxalaachke 2020  ▭

Cuicatec: Cuicatec ✧ CUX ✧ A language of the Oto-Manguean family spoken natively by 13,000 in western Oaxaca, Mexico. Its tones are indicated with superscript numerals, and it forms verb tenses by attaching one of four different prefixes.

28 ma²yo⁴ -or- iyuu ju'u 2020

Cuman (Polovetsian): Cuman (Polovetsian) ✧ QWM ✧ Turkic language spoken by Cuman-Kipchaks in eastern Europe, extinct by 1800. It was the Golden Horde Khanate’s lingua franca and it left a rich body of literature.

28 songu yaz ay 2020  ▭

Curonian: Curonian ✧ XCU ✧ Extinct Balto-Slavic language spoken until the 16th century in parts of modern Latvia, Lithuania, and Germany.

28 maijs 2020

Czech (Bohemian): Czech (Bohemian) ✧ CZE ✧ West Slavic, distinct from but mutually intelligible with Slovak: Czech borrows more German; Slovak, Ukrainian and Hungarian. In both Czech and Slovak the same word, ruka, can refer to hand or arm.

28 květen 2020  ▭

⌅

Dagaare: Dagaare ✧ DGA ✧ Niger-Congo, Gur branch. Unusual consonant blends such as gb, kp, and mgm.

28 KyuuraanuusobO 2020

Dagur (Daur): Dagur (Daur) ✧ DTA ✧ Mongolic family, spoken by 96,000 Daur in Inner Mongolia’s Hailar District and China’s Qiqihar and Tacheng Prefectures. Exhibits vestiges of vowel harmony.

28 sunjaabie 2020

Dakota (Dakhota): Dakota (Dakhota) ✧ DAK ✧ Siouan family, mutually intelligible with Lakota. Around 20,000 speakers in an area centered on eastern South Dakota and taking in parts of North Dakota, Minnesota, Iowa, Nebraska, Wyoming, and Montana.

28 Wožupiwi 2020

Dalecarlian (Elfdalian): Dalecarlian (Elfdalian) ✧ OVD ✧ North Germanic, endangered, originally expressed with runes. Unlike Swedish, with which it isn’t mutually intelligible, it uses nasalized vowels (Ą, Ę, Į, Ų, Y̨, Ą̊) and like Icelandic uses eth (Ð). The video game Minecraft features Dalecarlian.

28 maj 2020  ▭

Dalmatian: Dalmatian ✧ DLM ✧ Extinct Romance language once spoken on the Adriatic east coast. Marine mail carrier Tuone Udaina, its last native speaker, died in a roadwork accident in 1898 but Italian linguist Matteo Bartoli had had time to study with him extensively.

28 mai 2020  ▭

Dangaléat: Dangaléat ✧ DAA ✧ Afro-Asiatic, East Chadic, 60,000 speakers in Central Chad. Vowel length is contrastive, uses implosive consonants.

28 kotiya 2020

Danish [Premodern/Folk]: Danish [Premodern/Folk] ✧ DAN ✧ North Germanic. Unlike sister languages Swedish and Norwegian, it uses a uvular R. This is traditional Danish before it adopted neo-Latin month conventions

28 Blomstermåned 2020

Dan: Dan ✧ DNJ ✧ Niger-Congo family, Mande, 1. 6 million speakers in Côte d'Ivoire and Liberia plus another 800 in Guinea. Tonal. Three dialects, Gweetaawu, Blowo, and Kla; though the latter is often considered a separate language.

28 ˈMɛn -or- gblɔdhee 2020  ▭

Deg Xinag: Deg Xinag ✧ ING ✧ Athabaskan language, virtually extinct. Area around the lower Yukon River, Alaska.

28 Vinginh tr’ey titr’ilay “Month we put boats in the water” 2020

Denaakk’e (Koyukon Athabascan): Denaakk’e (Koyukon Athabascan) ✧ KOY ✧ Athabascan, spoken by approx. 300 in east central Alaska, three dialects

28 Benenh Tots’eeyhleyaayee 2020  ▭

Dena’ina (Tanaina) [Outer Inlet]: Dena’ina (Tanaina) [Outer Inlet] ✧ TFN ✧ Athabaskan, seriously endangered, Alaska’s Kenai Peninsula. Same word can refer to hand or arm.

28 benen dghazhi 2020

Denya: Denya ✧ ANV ✧ Niger-Congo family, Bantoid, Mamfe. Spoken in Cameroon by around 11,000

28 mè 2020

Dhivehi (Maldivian): Dhivehi (Maldivian) ✧ DIV ✧ Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, uses its exclusive right-to-left Thāna script which unlike Arabic explicitly indicates vowels. Spoken in the Indian Ocean Republic of Maldives.

28 [mē] 2020  ▭

Digaro Mishmi (Darang/Taraon): Digaro Mishmi (Darang/Taraon) ✧ MHU ✧ “Possibly” Sino-Tibetan, 35,000 speakers in India’s Arunachal Pradesh and China’s Zayü County.

28 xɑ⁵⁵ lo⁵³ mɑ³¹ ŋɑ³⁵ 2020

Dinka [Northwestern]: Dinka [Northwestern] ✧ DIW ✧ Nilo-Saharan, spoken in Sudan and by a refugee population in Jacksonville, Florida. Tonal, breathy vowels, five principal dialects.

28 akoldit 2020

Ditidaht (Nitinaht or Southern Nootkan): Ditidaht (Nitinaht or Southern Nootkan) ✧ DTD ✧ Wakashan family, Vancouver Island, virtually extinct. An unusual feature is that it uses no nasal consonants (sounds such as m, n, and ng/ŋ).

28 t’aqkʷač 2020

Djimini (Jinmini): Djimini (Jinmini) ✧ DYI ✧ Niger-Congo, Senufo, 96,000 speakers in Ivory Coast’s Debakala Department

28 sikanɔpɛrɛ yeŋge 2020

Dogrib (Tłı̨chǫ Yatıì): Dogrib (Tłı̨chǫ Yatıì) ✧ DGR ✧ Na-Dené, Athabaskan. Canada Northwest Territories, 2600 speakers. Not to be confused with Dogri, an Indo-European language spoken in India.

28 Tôdoo Zaà 2020  ▭

Duala: Duala ✧ DUA ✧ Niger-Congo, Bantu, spoken natively by 90,000 (and as an acquired language by 2 million) in Cameroon. The language is tri-tonal and first appeared in print in 1862.

28 emiasele 2020

Dukhan: Dukhan ✧ DKH ✧ A Turkic amalgam related to Tuvan, Buryat, and Tofalar (qq.v.) spoken, often mixed with Mongolian, by approx. 500 Dukha reindeer herders in Northernmost Mongolia. (Language code DKH is unofficial.)

28 idаlааr аy 2020

Dupaningan Agta: Dupaningan Agta ✧ DUE ✧ A Malayo-Polynesian language of uncertain classification, spoken in the Philippines’ Cagayan and Isabela provinces in northeastern Luzon by approximately 1,400 semi-nomadic Negrito hunter-gatherers

28 meka-lima a bulan 2020

Duru [Dii]: Duru [Dii] ✧ DUR ✧ Niger-Congo, Leko-Nimbari, Duru, between 50,000 and 60,000 speakers in Cameroon. Dii Duru divides further into eight recognized dialects.

28 zùm̀ nàʼà 2020

Dusun (Bunduliwan): Dusun (Bunduliwan) ✧ DTP ✧ A Malayo-Polynesian language, standardized by the Kadazandusun Cultural Association Sabah, and spoken by 140,000 in Malaysia and Brunei.

28 Tulan Mikat “Fest month” 2020

Dutch [Old]: Dutch [Old] ✧ ODT ✧ Indo-European, Germanic, 9th to 12th centuries CE. Literary examples include The Leiden Willeram, a commentary on the Song of Solomon, and Hebban olla vogala (“Have all birds begun nests”), both from ca. 1100.

XXVIII (bloeimaand) “Flowering Month” MMXX  ▭

Dutch [West Flemish] (Vlaams): Dutch [West Flemish] (Vlaams) ✧ ODT ✧ The Dutch dialect majority language of Northern Belgium, spoken also in Hauts-de-France and Zeeland, by some 6. 5 million. This is its premodern terminology. Unlike standard Dutch, weekdays and months are usually capitalized.

XXVIII Bloeimaand “Flowering Month” MMXX

Dyula (Jula): Dyula (Jula) ✧ DYU ✧ Niger-Congo, Western Mande, East Manding, spoken by 6. 9 million in Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, and Mali. Used as a trade language, akin to Bambara (q.v.) and mutually intelligible with it.

28 samiɲadonkalo “Beginning of rainy season” 2020

Dzongkha (Bhutanese): Dzongkha (Bhutanese) ✧ DZO ✧ Sino-Tibetan family, approx. 170,000 native speakers (and an additional 470,000 non-native) in Bhutan where it is the only official language.

28 [spyi.zlaw.lṅa.pa] 2020

⌅

Edo (Bini): Edo (Bini) ✧ BIN ✧ Niger-Congo family. Spoken by Benin Empire descendants.

28 uki egua 2020  ▭

Embu (Kîembu): Embu (Kîembu) ✧ EBU ✧ Niger-Congo family, Bantu. Spoken by 320,000 in two dialects, northeast of Nairobi, Kenya.

28 Mweri wa gatano 2020

Emilian-Romagnol (Sammarinese): Emilian-Romagnol (Sammarinese) ✧ EGL/RGN ✧ Romance language spoken in Italy (Emilia-Romagna region, Urbino, and Pesaro) and in San Marino. Recognized by UNESCO as “worthy of protection,” E-R is said to be entirely unintelligible to an Italian speaker.

28 mâg 2020  ▭

Emilian-Romagnol [Ferrarese]: Emilian-Romagnol [Ferrarese] ✧ EGL/RGN ✧ E-R dialect heard in the Province of Ferrara which includes the city of Comacchio.

28 màģ 2020

Enets (Entsy) [Forest]: Enets (Entsy) [Forest] ✧ ENF and ENH ✧ Moribund Samoyedic language spoken by 70 out of 260 ethnic Enets of Krasnoyarsk Krai in central Siberia. Sixty of those speak the Forest shown here; ten, Tundra. Unusual “destinative” noun case.

28 чида сама то дёди дири (čida sama to dyodi diri) “Bird arrival month” 2020  ▭

English [Old] (Anglo-Saxon): English [Old] (Anglo-Saxon) ✧ ANG ✧ Indo-European, Germanic, spoken 5th to 12th centuries CE. Four noun cases; three genders; definite articles se, sēo, þæt, and þā. Literary examples Beowulf (975-1025) and the Charter of Cnut (c. 1017).

XXVIII Ðrimilcemōnað “Cow-milking month” MMXX  ▭

Erromangan (Sie) [Folk/Traditional]: Erromangan (Sie) [Folk/Traditional] ✧ ERG ✧ Malayo-Polynesian, Southern Oceanic, spoken by 1900 on Vanuatu’s Erromango Island. This was traditional before Erromangan borrowed quasi-English month names from Bislama (q.v.).

28 Movcoyar 2020

Erromintxela: Erromintxela ✧ EMX ✧ A Basque/Romani hybrid language spoken by around a thousand Pyranees-dwelling Roma

28 maïtça 2020

Ersu [Ganluo]: Ersu [Ganluo] ✧ ERS ✧ Sino-Tibetan, Qiangic, around 13,000 speakers in western Sichuan. Like Nakhi (q.v.) this language employs a pictographic script for folkloric purposes, additionally using different colors for further lexographic meaning.

28 vu⁵⁵i⁵⁵ɬɑ³³ 2020

Erzya: Erzya ✧ MYV ✧ Uralic, Mordvinic, 37,000 speakers, akin to [but quite distinct from] Moksha (q.v.). It uses the exact same Cyrillic alphabet as Russian though the letters Х, Щ, Ъ (hard sign), and Ь only occur in loans.

28 панжиков [panžykov] 2020  ▭

Estonian: Estonian ✧ EST ✧ Uralic, Finnic. Features three vowel lengths, 15 noun cases. Estonian and Finnish (q.v.) are mutually intelligible with practice though there are many “false friends,” i.e., words that seem identical but carry different meanings in each language.

28 lehekuu 2020  ▭

Estonian [Southern] (Seto): Estonian [Southern] (Seto) ✧ VRO ✧ In many respects closer to Võro (q.v.) than standard Estonian, spoken by 12,500 in the Setomaa region (Estonia/Russia). Germanic influences.

28 lehekuu “Leaf month” 2020

Etruscan: Etruscan ✧ ETT ✧ Assigned to the hypothetical Tyrrhenian family, spoken on the Italian peninsula in classical times. Written right-to-left, the Etruscan language lacked the sounds of o, d, b, and g.

XXIIX ampill ⊕⊕XX  ▭

Even (Lamut): Even (Lamut) ✧ EVE ✧ Altaic, Tungusic, akin to Evenki below, 7000 speakers in Siberia. Used Church Slavonic script until the 1920s, then switched to Cyrillic, to Roman, then back to Cyrillic in 1953. It adds Ӈ, Ө, and Ӫ to it but reserves Ё, Щ, Ъ and Ь for Russian loans.

28 эври унма [ėvri unma] 2020  ▭

Evenki (Solon): Evenki (Solon) ✧ EVN ✧ Tungusic, related to Even above, but four times as many speakers. In descending order of frequency, Evenki appears in Roman, Cyrillic, and Mongolian script.

28 maj 2020  ▭

Ewe: Ewe ✧ EWO ✧ Niger-Congo family, tonal, spoken by 5 million in western Africa. A tilde nazalizes a vowel: ã, ẽ, ɛ̃, ɔ̃, ĩ, õ, and ũ. Related to Aja and Fon (qqv.).

28 Damε 2020

Extremaduran: Extremaduran ✧ EXT ✧ Romance language spoken in west central Spain. Some differences from Spanish/Castilian: Infinitive verbs end in L, questions are reinforced by prepending the particles “lo,” “lu,” “pu,” or “pui.”

28 mayu 2020  ▭

⌅

Falam (Falam Chin): Falam (Falam Chin) ✧ CFM ✧ Sino-Tibetan, Kuki-Chin, 107,000 speakers of four main dialects in Myanmar (Chin State) and India. Roman alphabet.

28 kum khat sungih thla nganak 2020

Fang: Fang ✧ FAN ✧ Niger-Congo, Southern Bantoid, one million speakers predominantly in Equatorial Guinea and Gabon, beyond that in Cameroon, São Tomé and Príncipe, and The Republic of the Congo. Tonal, eight major dialects, spelling not currently standardized.

28 ngon-tane 2020

Fe’fe’ (Nufi or Bafang): Fe’fe’ (Nufi or Bafang) ✧ FMP ✧ Niger-Congo, Bantoid, Grassfields. Nine dialects, 120,000 speakers in the area of Bafang, Cameroon.

28 ndjwenàhnta’ 2020

Finnish: Finnish ✧ FIN ✧ Uralic, Finnic, 5. 4 million speakers in Scandinavia and Russia. Preliterate until the 16th century, highly inflected (15 noun cases), genderless, consonants and vowels can be long or short.

28 toukokuu “Seed month” 2020

Flemish (West Flemish or West-Vlaams): Flemish (West Flemish or West-Vlaams) ✧ VLS ✧ A highly divergent Dutch dialect (or separate language, to some) with 1. 2 million speakers in Belgium and southwestern Netherlands.

28 meie 2020  ▭

Fon: Fon ✧ FON ✧ Niger-Congo, Gbe, related to Aja and Ewe (qq.v.). Spoken by 2. 2 million in Togo and Benin in over 50 dialects. Efforts are underway to consolidate them into a single spoken and literary standard.

28 nùxwixwa sùn 2020

Fox (Meskwaki or Sauk) 1: Fox (Meskwaki or Sauk) 1 ✧ SAC ✧ Algonquian, endangered, approx. 2000 speakers distributed through Oklahoma, Kansas, Iowa, and Coahuila (Mexico). It has two indigenous writing systems known as Fox I and Fox II, shown below.

28 mîha 2020  ▭

Fox (Meskwaki or Sauk) 2: Fox (Meskwaki or Sauk) 2 ✧ SAC ✧ Fox as above, written with the Fox I script. This is an abugida — halfway between an alphabet and a syllabary, like most of the scripts used in India.

28 m· 2020

Fox (Meskwaki or Sauk) 3: Fox (Meskwaki or Sauk) 3 ✧ SAC ✧ Fox as above, written with the Fox II script, a true alphabet showing consonants and vowels explicitly.

28 2020

Frafra (Gurenɛ): Frafra (Gurenɛ) ✧ GUR ✧ Niger-Congo, Gur, Mooré, related to Mossi (q.v.), spoken by 720,000 in Ghana and Burkina Faso. Its alphabet doesn’t use C, J, Q, OR X, but adds Ɛ, Ɔ, Ŋ, and Ɣ..

28 bʋrga wõrga 2020

Frankish (Old Franconian): Frankish (Old Franconian) ✧ FRK ✧ Germanic language spoken in France between the 4th and 9th centuries, evolved into Old Dutch (q.v.). Charlemagne spoke a dialect of Frankish.

XXVIII Wunnimanoþ MMXX

Frisian [West]: Frisian [West] ✧ FRY ✧ Indo-European, West Germanic, considered to be the closest foreign language to English. 470,000 speakers in the Friesland province of the Netherlands.

28 blommemoanne “Flower month” 2020  ▭

Frisian [West Schiermonnikoog]: Frisian [West Schiermonnikoog] ✧ FRY ✧ Heard on the Island of Schiermonnikoog off Northern Netherlands, seriously endangered with fewer than 100 speakers

28 bleumond 2020

Frisian [North] (Mooring): Frisian [North] (Mooring) ✧ FRR ✧ About 10,000 speakers in the Schleswig-Holstein region of Germany

28 mei -or- krülemoune “Flower month” 2020  ▭

Friulian: Friulian ✧ FUR ✧ Indo-European, Romance. Spoken by half a million in northeast Italy near the Slovenian border. When c is followed by anything other than an e or an i in Friulian, but must still remain soft (“IPA Lite” č, IPA tɕ, as in English cherry), it takes a cedilla: ç.

28 mai 2020  ▭

Fula: Fula ✧ FUL ✧ Niger-Congo family, western Africa, official in Senegal. Most commonly written with the Roman alphabet, less so with the Arabic, but a unique alphabet for Fula called Adlam arose in the 1980s and has been widely adopted.

28 duujal 2020  ▭

Fur: Fur ✧ FVR ✧ Tentatively attributed to the Nilo-Saharan family, spoken in south central Darfur in western Sudan.

28 Dǒrŋâŋ 2020

Futunan: Futunan ✧ FUT ✧ Malayo-Polynesian language spoken on Futuna Island and New Caledonia. Its words for hand and arm are identical.

28 maio 2020

Fuyu Kyrgyz (Manchurian Kirghiz): Fuyu Kyrgyz (Manchurian Kirghiz) ✧ ??? ✧ Turkic. Not a dialect of Kyrgyz, but instead closer to Khakas (q.v). Spoken by fewer than a dozen in Heilongjiang, China, 300 km northwest of Harbin.

28 piš ay 2020  ▭

⌅

Gaelic [Irish] (Irish): Gaelic [Irish] (Irish) ✧ GLE ✧ Indo-European, Celtic, Goidelic. Spoken as a first language along the western coast of Ireland, also widely spoken in Newfoundland until the early 1900s.

28 Mí Bealtaine “Bright fire” 2020  ▭

Gaelic [Scottish]: Gaelic [Scottish] ✧ GLA ✧ Like Irish Gaelic (q.v.), also Celtic, Goidelic. This is Highland Gaelic; Lowland Gaelic is extinct, one of its last known speakers having been Margaret McMurray who died ca. 1760.

28 An Cèitean 2020  ▭

Gaelic [Scottish Archaic]: Gaelic [Scottish Archaic] ✧ GLA ✧ As Scottish Gaelic above, but older

28 Mhìos an t-Samhraidh 2020

Gagauz: Gagauz ✧ GAG ✧ Turkic, Western Oghuz, 140,000 speakers in Moldova, Ukraine, Turkey, and Russia. Gagayuz’s oldest texts used the Greek alphabet. It switched to the Cyrillic in 1957, then to the Roman in 1996 using the Turkish range but adding Ä, Ê, and Ț.

28 хедерлезь айы [hederlez ayı] 2020

Galician: Galician ✧ GLG ✧ Ibero-Romance, sharply divergent from Portuguese, spoken in Galicia in Northern Spain. It’s co-official there, regulated by the Royal Galician Academy. Fidel Castroʼs father was Galician and emigrated to make his sugar cane fortune.

28 maio 2020  ▭

Gallong (Galo) [Lare]: Gallong (Galo) [Lare] ✧ ADL ✧ Sino-Tibetan, Tani branch, at least four dialects though likely more, 30,000 speakers. Arunachal Pradesh, northeast India.

28 lucwr -or- luswr -or- lucɨr 2020

Gallo: Gallo ✧ ROA-GAL ✧ Indo-European, Romance, Langue d’oïl. Approx. 28,000 speakers in the upper Brittany region. Gallo bears some mutual intelligibility with Norman (q.v.) dialects, though it displays Celtic influences as opposed to Old Norse.

28 mae 2020  ▭

Garifuna: Garifuna ✧ CAB ✧ Arawakan language with French and Carib loans, Central America, 170,000 speakers. Men’s and women’s speech differ. Men’s Garifuna tends to borrow more heavily from Carib while women’s leans more toward Arawak.

28 sengü hati 2020  ▭

Garo: Garo ✧ GRT ✧ Sino-Tibetan family, Brahmaputran, spoken in the Garo Hills of Meghalaya and in parts of Assam and Tripura, India, and also in Bangladesh. In its Roman writing system the letters F, Q, V, X, Y, and Z are non-native and occur only in loans.

28 bilsini bongagipa ja 2020

Gaulish *: Gaulish * ✧ XTG ✧ Indo-European, Celtic. Pre-Roman France, extinct by 7th century CE. Modern French uses several hundred Gaulish loans, among them the words alouette (lark) and petit (small).

XXVIII cantlos “Song” MMXX  ▭

Ga: Ga ✧ GAA ✧ Niger-Congo family, Kwa division, first written in 1764. Tonal, three vowel lengths.

28 Agbeinaa 2020

Gciriku (Rumanyo): Gciriku (Rumanyo) ✧ DIU ✧ Niger-Congo, Bantu, 36,000 speakers along the Okavango River in Angola, Botswana, and Namibia. Most Bantu languages don’t have clicks, but Gciriku uses half a dozen, typically in place names and in words that refer to natural features.

28 Nkûrukudumo 2020

Georgian: Georgian ✧ KAT ✧ Kartvelian family, lacks an f sound natively. Akin to, but unintelligible with, Svan (q.v.). Each vowel is always a separate syllable, so an aa (აა) would sound out as a-a. The native term for Georgia is საქართველო [sakartvelo] “Land of Kartvelians.”

კჱ მაისი [maisi] ცკ  ▭

Georgian [Old]: Georgian [Old] ✧ KAT ✧ Georgian from approximately 800-1000 CE

კჱ ვარდობისთვე [vardobistve] “Month of roses” ცკ

German [Alsatian]: German [Alsatian] ✧ GSW ✧ Alsace in eastern France. 100,000 speakers, all bilingual with French. Unlike German, the Alsatian alphabet also includes the letters À and É.

28 Mai 2020  ▭

German [Alsatian Folk]: German [Alsatian Folk] ✧ GSW ✧ Alsatian terms previous to, or aside from, the modern neo-Latin.

28 Wonnemonat -or- Weidemonat 2020

German [Brazilian Pomeranian]: German [Brazilian Pomeranian] ✧ NDS ✧ Not to be confused with West Slavic Pomeranian, this is a Low German dialect spoken in the Brazilian State of Santa Catarina, chiefly in Pomerode by 90% of its residents.

28 im Mai 2020

German [Old High]: German [Old High] ✧ GOH ✧ Earliest attested German language, ca. 500-1050 CE. Old High German appears in the Oaths of Strasbourg, 12 February 842, between Louis the German and Charles the Bald.

XXVIII Drīmilki MMXX  ▭

German [Plautdietsch]: German [Plautdietsch] ✧ PDT ✧ North Sea Germanic, Low German, akin to Dutch. Spoken in Northern Germany, eastern areas of the Netherlands, and by Mennonites worldwide.

28 Mai -or- Mei 2020  ▭

German [Ripuarian] (Kölsch): German [Ripuarian] (Kölsch) ✧ KSH ✧ Indo-European, West Germanic, Central Franconian. Cologne area, around a million speakers. Its various subdialects can identify a speaker’s region.

28 Meij -or- Mai 2020

German [Walser]: German [Walser] ✧ WAE ✧ Germanic, uppermost Swiss alps, 23,000 native speakers. Poor interintelligibility with Standard German. Approximately nine highly divergent dialects.

28 Meije 2020  ▭

German [mid 17th century]: German [mid 17th century] ✧ GER ✧ The High German shown on a 1665 calendar

28 May 2020

Gitxsan (Gitksan or Gitsenimx): Gitxsan (Gitksan or Gitsenimx) ✧ GIT ✧ Tsimshianic family, British Columbia, < 1000 speakers, closely related to Nisga’a (q.v.). Underscores (k/k, x/x) indicate back as opposed to ordinary front articulation.

28 hlox̱sa ’yeens -or- hlox̱sa ’yen 2020

Gothic: Gothic ✧ GOT ✧ Indo-European, extinct by the 10th century. IE’s Germanic branch splits into West, North, and East; Gothic belonged to the latter, along with Vandalic and Burgundian which are both only poorly attested.

XXVIII [fruma linthja] MMXX  ▭

Gourmantché (Migourmantchema): Gourmantché (Migourmantchema) ✧ GUX ✧ Niger-Congo, Gur, spoken by 900,000 in Benin, Burkina Faso, Niger, and Togo. Its nouns use circumfixes — prefix-suffix pairs that enclose them. Language names, for example, begin with mi- and end with -ma; thus Gourmantché becomes migourmantchema.

28 cimu 2020

Greenlandic [Kalaallisut] (West Greenlandic): Greenlandic [Kalaallisut] (West Greenlandic) ✧ KAL ✧ Eskimo-Aleut, official in Greenland. Three more dialects are East (Tunumiisut), North or Thule (Avanersuarmiutut), and South (Eskimo). A fourth, Qavak, is extinct.

28 maajip 2020  ▭

Griko (Grecanic or Italiot Greek): Griko (Grecanic or Italiot Greek) ✧ GRE ✧ Variety of modern Greek, with which interintelligibility is described as poor. About 28,000 speakers in the heel and toe of Italy. Griko uses a Greek alphabet with the addition of Б, G, Ǵ, Ḱ, Λ̌, Ν̌, and Σ̌ while reserving Ξ and Ψ for Greek loans.

28 Mai 2020  ▭

Gros Ventre (Atsina): Gros Ventre (Atsina) ✧ ATS ✧ Algonquian, Arapahoan language of the Gros Ventre people of Montana, natively extinct since 1981 but currently spoken in revival by 45 individuals. Closely related to Arapaho (q.v.) but with a wider consonant inventory.

28 ɂóhuubííθɔθɔ́ɔh “When grass appears” 2020

Guahibo: Guahibo ✧ GUH ✧ From the Guahiban family, 34,000 speakers in Colombia and in the Orinoco River area in Venezuela. Unusually complex stress patterns for syllables.

28 naekuai juameto “Crops” 2020  ▭

Guan [Dungan]: Guan [Dungan] ✧ DNG ✧ A Sino-Tibetan language that, unusually, uses the Cyrillic alphabet. Three tones. Spoken by 90,000 in Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan, it evolved from Mandarin Chinese but drew heavy influences from Turkic languages and Russian.

28 вуйүә [vujyә] 2020

Guaraní [Paraguayan]: Guaraní [Paraguayan] ✧ GUG ✧ Tupian family. This is the standard Guaraní spoken in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay. Genderless. Oldest writings date from 1639.

28 jasypo 2020  ▭

Guhu-Samane: Guhu-Samane ✧ GHS ✧ An isolate related to the Binanderean family, Papua New Guinea, five dialects recognized, 13,000 speakers.

28 Mei 2020

Guiqiong: Guiqiong ✧ GQI ✧ Sino-Tibetan, Qiangic. A preliterate, poorly documented language spoken in Sichuan and Tibet. Four tones (33, 35, 53, 55). There are approx. 6000 native speakers, who switch to Chinese when they travel outside their villages.

28 ŋↄ⁵³pu⁵³ 2020

Gullah (Sea Islands Creole): Gullah (Sea Islands Creole) ✧ GUL ✧ English-based, Niger-Congo influences. The word “kumbaya” comes from Gullah, and some characters in Daughters of the Dust (1991) speak Gullah over English captions.

28 May 2020  ▭

Gungu (Lugungu): Gungu (Lugungu) ✧ RUB ✧ Niger-Congo family, Bantoid, Great Lakes Bantu, 49,000 speakers in Buliisa, Hoima, and Masindi districts in northwestern Uganda. No dictionary existed until 2012.

28 Mweri̱ Gwamukaaga 2020

Gusii (Ekegusii or Kisii): Gusii (Ekegusii or Kisii) ✧ GUZ ✧ Niger-Congo family, Northeast Bantu, spoken by 2. 2 million in western Kenya’s Gusii district. Contrastive vowel lengths.

28 Amaumuntia -or- Amaumuntio 2020  ▭

Gusilay: Gusilay ✧ GSL ✧ Niger-Congo family, Jola branch, spoken by 15,000 in southwest Senegal. Its speakers also use other languages such as Mandinka and Wolof (qq.v.), and also Pulaar, but their literacy in Gusilay itself is less than 1%.

28 Fútenkul 2020

Gutnish (Gotlandic): Gutnish (Gotlandic) ✧ - ✧ Endangered North Germanic language some assign to its own sub-branch, spoken by between 2000 and 5000 on the islands of Fårö (not to be confused with the Faroe Islands) and Gotland. Vowels and vocabulary differ significantly from Swedish.

28 mai 2020

Gwere (Lugwere): Gwere (Lugwere) ✧ GWR ✧ Niger-Congo, Great Lakes Bantu, 410,000 speakers in Uganda. Contrastive (long versus short) vowel length.

28 Gwakutaanu -or- Nanzala 2020  ▭

Gwich’in [Western]: Gwich’in [Western] ✧ GWI ✧ Na-Dené family, Athabaskan. 700 speakers in Alaska and northwest Canada.

28 Gwiluu Zhrii 2020  ▭

⌅

Haida: Haida ✧ HAI ✧ Language isolate native to the Haida Gwaii archipelago off the coast of British Columbia, with 14 reported speakers. It has no adjectives, getting around that by using verbs to assign qualities.

28 Tahálaa Kungáay “Food gathering moon” 2020

Haitian Creole: Haitian Creole ✧ HAT ✧ Based on 18th century French with influences from other Romance languages, English, Taíno, and African languages such as Asante, Edo, Fongbe, Fulani, and Kikongo. Spoken by 8. 9 million, partially interintelligible with French.

28 me 2020  ▭

Hakha Chin (Lai): Hakha Chin (Lai) ✧ CNH ✧ Sino-Tibetan, Kuki-Chin, Central, spoken by 130,000 in Burma, Bangladesh, and India. Tonal.

28 Mei thla 2020

Hani (Ho): Hani (Ho) ✧ HNI ✧ Sino-Tibetan family, Lolo-Burmese branch, spoken by the 760,000 Ho people in Burma, Southern China, Laos, and Vietnam. Tones shown with superscripts: 24 (rising), 31 (low-falling), 33 (mid-level), and 55 (high-level).

28 tshe⁵⁵ la³³ 2020

Harari: Harari ✧ HAR ✧ Afro-Asiatic family, Semitic, approx. 25,000 speakers in Ethiopia. Once written with Arabic script, but nowadays with the Ethiopic abugida and the Roman alphabet.

28 hamistí-khá warhay 2020  ▭

Havasupai-Hualapai: Havasupai-Hualapai ✧ YUF ✧ Yuman family, around 550 speakers in northwest Arizona. About 200 Havasupai (“people of the blue-green waters”) live in the Grand Canyon village of Supai, Arizona, accessible only by foot, mule, or helicopter.

28 Sa Thaw Sqaw “When eagle eggs crack” 2020

Hawaiian [Premodern]: Hawaiian [Premodern] ✧ HAW ✧ Malayo-Polynesian, Marquesic, 24,000 native speakers on the Hawaiian Islands, terminology cited in 1895 for Hawaii as a whole: The first word shown was used by fishermen; the second, by farmers.

28 Ikiiki “This is it”-or- Kaaona “City” 2020  ▭

Hawaiian [Premodern Kauai]: Hawaiian [Premodern Kauai] ✧ HAW ✧ Premodern Hawaiian terminology native to the Island of Kauai.

28 Kaaona “City” 2020

Hawaiian [Premodern Maui]: Hawaiian [Premodern Maui] ✧ HAW ✧ Premodern Hawaiian terminology native to the Island of Maui.

28 Kaulua “Great” 2020

Hawaiian [Premodern Oahu]: Hawaiian [Premodern Oahu] ✧ HAW ✧ Premodern Hawaiian terminology native to the Island of Oahu.

28 Hinaiaeleele “Motherland” 2020

Heiltsuk-Oowekyala [Heiltsuk]: Heiltsuk-Oowekyala [Heiltsuk] ✧ HEI ✧ Wakashan family, spoken natively by 60 people around Bella Bella and Klemtu on British Columbia’s northern coast. Two discourse styles. The Yílístis Society devised this Gregorian terminology for Heiltsuk in 1978.

28 hi̓ṇ́x̌sṃ “Spring moon” 2020

Herero (Otjiherero): Herero (Otjiherero) ✧ HER ✧ Niger-Congo, Bantu, spoken by around 200,000 of at least six different ethnicities in Angola, Botswana, and Namibia. Roman script was introduced by missionaries in the 19th century.

28 Okambundu 2020  ▭

Hidatsa: Hidatsa ✧ HID ✧ Western Siouan, spoken by 200 (6 are monoglots) in North and South Dakota and Montana. A relatively modest sound inventory of five vowels, two dipthongs, and ten consonants.

28 Icúuwashga Arugibáshgu Mirísh 2020

Hiligaynon (Ilongo): Hiligaynon (Ilongo) ✧ HIL ✧ Malayo-Polynesian, Visaya group, spoken in Philippines. The indigenous abugida script shown here, Baybayin, dates from the 13th century.

28 [himabuyan] 2020

Hmong Daw [White Miao]: Hmong Daw [White Miao] ✧ MWW ✧ Hmong-Mien family, native to mountainous areas in SE Asia. Seven tones, including creaky and breathy. Hmong languages have an unvoiced m sound (IPA m̥), signified in English by the digraph HM — hence the spelling of the name. See Mong Njua.

28 Tsib hlis ntuj 2020  ▭

Holikachuk: Holikachuk ✧ HOI ✧ Athabaskan language, central Alaska. Its last fluent speaker, Wilson “Tiny” Deacon, died in March 2012.

28 Mininh Tats’eyhts’ilahy 2020

Homshetsi (Hamshen): Homshetsi (Hamshen) ✧ HYW ✧ Archaic Armenian dialect spoken by 14,000 in Turkey, preliterate until 1995. Homshetsi and modern Armenian are not mutually intelligible. I had the Romanizations reverse-transliterated into Homshetsi’s more authentic Armenian script.

28 [mayis] 2020  ▭

Hopi: Hopi ✧ HOP ✧ Uto-Aztecan family, approx. 7000 native speakers in northeast Arizona. Bitonal with four distinct dialects, identified by linguist Benjamin Whorf, that differ in their consonant inventory.

28 Hakitonmuyaw “Waiting moon” 2020  ▭

Hrê: Hrê ✧ HRE ✧ Austroasiatic family, Bahnaric, Sedang-Todrah, 94,000 speakers among the Hrê/H’re people of Vietnam’s Binh Dinh, Gia Lai, Kon Tum, and Quang Ngai provinces. Its closest living relative is Sedang (q.v.).

28 khê padam 2020

Huichol [Wixarika]: Huichol [Wixarika] ✧ HCH ✧ Uto-Aztecan language with 45,000 speakers, native to west-central Mexico. Creates long “sentence words” with prefixes and suffixes.

28 taxari mesaya -or- aixiwi metseeri 2020  ▭

Hungarian [Premodern secular]: Hungarian [Premodern secular] ✧ OHU ✧ Uralic family, closely akin to only two other surviving languages — Khanty and Mansi (qq.v.). This was secular Hungarian, before it adopted neo-Latin month conventions

28 ígéret hava “Promise month” 2020  ▭

Hungarian [Premodern religious]: Hungarian [Premodern religious] ✧ OHU ✧ Church-based Hungarian, before it adopted neo-Latin month conventions

28 pünkösd hava “Penticost month” 2020

Hungarian [Reform Era]: Hungarian [Reform Era] ✧ HUN ✧ Hungarian during the nationalistic fervor of 1825-1848

28 tavaszutó 2020

Huron (Wendat) [17th-18th centuries]: Huron (Wendat) [17th-18th centuries] ✧ WYA ✧ Iroquoian family, Five Nations, Huronian, native to Quebec. As recorded by French Jesuits from the 1650s to 1740s. No native speakers but currently under revival.

28 tichiont 8tsistara_ıi “Strawberries flower” 2020

⌅

Iaai: Iaai ✧ IAI ✧ Malayo-Polynesian, Southern Oceanic, spoken by around 4000 on Ouvéa Island, New Caledonia. Sports a highly unusual set of sounds for a Polynesian (or any) language, including a voiceless, tongue-curled-backwards n sound, expressed in IPA as ɳ.

28 mei 2020

Iatmül: Iatmül ✧ IAN ✧ Sepik family, spoken in four dialects by 8400 in the Sepik River Basin of Papua New Guinea. Iatmüls count in base 5, 10, and 20; their word for 5 translates as “one hand,” for 10, “two hands,” for 20, “one whole man.”

28 pakwijo 2020

Iban: Iban ✧ IBA ✧ Malayo-Polynesian, spoken natively by 790,000 ethnic Dyak in Malaysia’s state of Sarawak, Indonesia’s province of West Kalimantan, and Brunei. Uses the Roman alphabet, though a syllabary devised during the 1950s is undergoing revival.

28 sandih tundan 2020

Idu Mishmi (Chulikata): Idu Mishmi (Chulikata) ✧ CLK ✧ Sino-Tibetan, endangered. India’s Dibang Valley District of Arunachal Pradesh, three dialects. Features retracted (jaw pulled inward during articulation) and creaky vowels.

28 [tagra] -or- súàlà 2020  ▭

Igbo: Igbo ✧ IBO ✧ Niger-Congo, tonal, proverb-heavy, Nigeria. Actor Chiwetel Ejiofor (Amistad, Twelve Years a Slave, etc.) is Igbo.

28 ónwa ísen’áfò 2020

Ik: Ik ✧ IKX ✧ Nilo-Saharan, Kuliak branch, 7500 speakers in Uganda along the northwest border of Kenya. Severely endangered. Features implosives, an example of which is the way English speakers imitate those cartoonish “glug-glug” sounds.

28 Titímá -or- Kɨnám 2020

Ingrian (Izhorian): Ingrian (Izhorian) ✧ IZH ✧ Uralic, Finnic language with only 120 speakers around Gulf of Finland

28 mai 2020  ▭

Ingush 1: Ingush 1 ✧ INH ✧ Northeast Caucasian family, Nakh branch, tonal. Related to Chechen (q.v.) and like that language it went through a Georgian, Arabic, and finally Cyrillic alphabet writing phase.

28 бекарг [byekarg] 2020  ▭

Ingush 2: Ingush 2 ✧ INH ✧ Alternative terminology

28 села бутт [syela butt] 2020

Inuktitut: Inuktitut ✧ IKU ✧ Eskimo-Aleut family, north of Canada’s tree line. There are some 35,000 speakers and, unlike the case with most “minority” languages, that number is growing. Syllabary first conceived by Moravian missionaries.

28 [mai] 2020  ▭

Inuktitut [Nunavik]: Inuktitut [Nunavik] ✧ IKU ✧ A dialect of Inuktitut spoken in fourteen coastal villages of Nunavik — a semi-automous region occupying the northern third of Quebec.

28 (Nurraliuti) 2020

Inuktitut [Nunavut Paallirmiutut]: Inuktitut [Nunavut Paallirmiutut] ✧ IKU ✧ A dialect of Inuktitut spoken Canada’s Nunavut province, primarily in Arviat, Wale Cove, and Rankin Inlet

28 [mai iblauliit] 2020

Inuktitut [Qikiqtaaluk]: Inuktitut [Qikiqtaaluk] ✧ IKU ✧ Inuktitut terminology used in the Baffin Region

28 (Tupiqtuut) 2020

Inupiaq [North Slope]: Inupiaq [North Slope] ✧ IPK ✧ Eskimo-Aleut family, extreme northwest Alaska. Including all Inupiaq dialects, there are about 2000 native speakers. Agglutinative.

28 suvlubvik 2020  ▭

Inupiaq [Malemiut]: Inupiaq [Malemiut] ✧ IPK ✧ Inupiaq dialect native to northwest Alaska’s Kotzebue Sound, around the towns of Deering, Kivalina, Kotzebue, and Kobuk

28 sikuiġvik “Ice-free” -or- supivik 2020  ▭

Iraqw: Iraqw ✧ IRK ✧ Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic, spoken by 600,000 in the Tanzania’s Arusha Region. Three genders, sentences end with a verb. An apostrophe indicates a glottal stop; a slash, a throaty hiss with a creaky voice.

28 doomú /awáak 2020

Istriot (Rovignese): Istriot (Rovignese) ✧ IST ✧ Romance language spoken by around 400 on Croatia’s Istrian Peninsula, closely related to extinct Dalmatian (q.v.). Not to be confused with Istro-Romanian (1100 speakers) or the Istrian dialect of Venetian.

28 màio 2020

Itelmen: Itelmen ✧ ITL ✧ The sole surviving Kamchatkan language, spoken by fewer than 100 in and around the villages Kovran and Verkhnee Khayryuzovo on the Kamchatka Peninsula.

28 тауакоач [tauakoač] 2020

Iu Mien (Yao): Iu Mien (Yao) ✧ IUM ✧ Hmong-mien family, spoken by 840,000 of a Yao subgroup called the Iu Mien in China, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, and diaspora communities in the US. Tonal, several voiceless nasals as well as a voiceless l.

28 hmz hlaax 2020

Izere [Ibor]: Izere [Ibor] ✧ IZR ✧ Niger-Congo family, Plateau, between 50,000 and 100,000 speakers total. Of its five dialects, Ibor Izere is the most heavily influenced by modern world exposure.

28 Ànyìnìng kùshìk 2020

⌅

Japanese [Premodern]: Japanese [Premodern] ✧ OJP ✧ This would represent Middle Japanese dating from the Heian Period (794-1185)

28 早月 [satsuki] “Month of planting rice sprouts” 2020

Japhug [Kamnyu Village]: Japhug [Kamnyu Village] ✧ OJP ✧ Sino-Tibetan, Qiangic, Rgyalgrongic, as spoken in Mbarkham County in Sichuan, China. Borrows heavily from Chinese, but non-tonal.

28 rŋapa jamar 2020

Jaqaru: Jaqaru ✧ JQR ✧ With Aymara (q.v.), the other member of the Aymaran family, natively spoken by 740 in the Yauyos Province of the Lima Region in Peru. Like Aymara (q.v.) its only vowels are a, i, and u.

28 mayu 2020

Jarai: Jarai ✧ JRA ✧ Malayo-Polynesian language akin to Cham (q.v.), spoken in Vietnam and Cambodia and by Vietnam War refugees in the United States.

28 blan rơma 2020

Jebero (Shiwilu): Jebero (Shiwilu) ✧ JEB ✧ Cahuapanan family, moribund, spoken by a few dozen elders. The Jeberos number around 2500 and live along the Río Platanayacu and the Río Marañon in the district of Jeberos, in Peru.

28 SantaCruz-duker 2020

Jemez (Towa): Jemez (Towa) ✧ TOW ✧ From the tiny Tanoan family, spoken by 3000 exclusively in Jemez Pueblo, New Mexico. Tonal. Jemez has no written standard and its speakers strongly discourage transliteration. In observance of that, I’m offering only the English translations for its months.

28 “Baby antelope month” 2020

Jerba Berber: Jerba Berber ✧ JBN ✧ Afro-Asiatic, Berber, Zenati branch, spoken on the Tunisian island of Jerba — the supposed home of the Lotus Eaters of Greek folklore.

28 mayu 2020

Jingpho (Kachin): Jingpho (Kachin) ✧ KAC ✧ Sino-Tibetan, Bramaputran. Kachin State, Burma, and Yunan Province, China. Five tones, commonly written with the Roman alphabet.

28 jăhtum 2020  ▭

Jju: Jju ✧ KAJ ✧ Niger-Congo, West Plateau. 300,000 speakers in Nigeria’s Southern Kaduna state.

28 Hywan A̱pfwon 2020

Jola-Fonyi: Jola-Fonyi ✧ DYO ✧ Niger-Congo family, Central Jola group, spoken by 410,000 in Senegal and The Gambia. The 2004 Oscar-nominated short film Binta and the Great Idea, made in collaboration with UNICEF, is in French and Jola.

28 mee 2020

Jurchen: Jurchen ✧ DTA ✧ Extinct language from the Tungusic family which evolved into Manchu (q.v.) around the 17th century. It used its own unique Chinese-style script.

28 sunj̆a bie 2020

⌅

Kabiye: Kabiye ✧ KBP ✧ Niger-Congo, Gur, Grũsi. Tonal, ten noun classes, spoken by 1. 2 million in Togo, Benin, and Ghana.

28 nuwa fenaɣ 2020

Kabuverdianu (Cape Verdean Creole): Kabuverdianu (Cape Verdean Creole) ✧ KEA ✧ The oldest surviving creole, based on 15th century Portuguese, native to the Island nation of Cabo Verde, 870,000 speakers

28 maiu 2020  ▭

Kabwa (Ekikabwa): Kabwa (Ekikabwa) ✧ CWA ✧ Niger-Congo family, Northeast Bantu, 14,000 speakers in Tanzania’s Mara Region adjacent to Lake Victoria.

28 Kirabhu 2020

Kabyle (Taqbaylit): Kabyle (Taqbaylit) ✧ KAB ✧ Afro-Asiatic, Berber, spoken by 5. 6 million in Algeria. Like other Berber languages, uses Neo-Tifinagh script which unlike Arabic reads left-to-right. Masculine nouns begin with A (N-T character ); feminine nouns begin and end with T (character ).

28 [magu] 2020  ▭

Kaili [Ledo] (Ledo Kaili): Kaili [Ledo] (Ledo Kaili) ✧ LEW ✧ Malayo-Polynesian, Celebic, native to Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Of the 13 Kaili dialects, Ledo, with 350,000 speakers, carries the highest prestige. Uses the Roman alphabet, though F, Q, and X are non-native and reserved for loans.

28 bula lima 2020

Kako (Mkako): Kako (Mkako) ✧ KKJ ✧ Niger-Congo family, Bantu. Spoken by around 120,000 who are mostly Batouri and Ndélélé in Cameroon, including smaller numbers in the Central African Republic and the Republic of Congo. Three main mutually intelligible dialects.

28 Mɔnɔ ŋgbanja 2020

Kalapuya: Kalapuya ✧ KYL ✧ Tiny language family with three members, once spoken in western Oregon, extinct. Central Kalapuya’s last speaker, John B. Hudson, died ca. 1954.

28 atantal “Camas blooming time” 2020

Kalinga [Lubuagan]: Kalinga [Lubuagan] ✧ KNB ✧ Malayo-Polynesian, Philippine, Central Cordilleran. Kalinga is spoken by 110,000 Igorot people, 12,000 of whom speak this particular dialect in Kalinga Province. The special letter y with a horizontal bar is pronounced with the tongue extending further forward.

28 achawoy 2020  ▭

Kamba {Kenya}: Kamba {Kenya} ✧ KAM ✧ Niger-Congo, Bantu, spoken in Kenya and Tanzania. First recorded in audio in 1911. Not to be confused with Kaamba {Congo}, Kamba {New Guinea}, and yet another Kamba {Bolivia}.

28 Mwai wa katano 2020

Kanji [Piti-Atsam]: Kanji [Piti-Atsam] ✧ PCN ✧ Niger-Congo family, Platoid, native to Nigeria’s Kainji Lake region. The 60-odd Kanji languages have around a million speakers in total; this dialect, 8000.

28 pen atyon 2020

Kankanaey [Northern]: Kankanaey [Northern] ✧ XNN ✧ A Malayo-Polynesian language spoken on Luzon in the Philippines. Kankanaey has 240,000 speakers, Northern Kankanaey, 94,000. This dialect is spoken in the Philippines' western Mountain Province, Ilocos Sur Province, and Abra Province in the Tubo municipality.

28 bakakew 2020

Kannada (Kanarese): Kannada (Kanarese) ✧ KAN ✧ Dravidian, Southern, Tamil-Kannada, 45 million speakers India’s Karnataka State and surrounding areas. It has no f or z sounds. Kannada and Tamil/Malayalam grew out of Dravidian stock between 1500 and 300 BCE.

28 [mē] 2020

Kanza (Kaw): Kanza (Kaw) ✧ KSK ✧ A language from the Siouan family spoken by the Kaw people of Kansas, natively extinct. Its last first-language speakers were Maud McCauley Rowe (d. 1978), Ralph Pepper (d. 1982), and Walter Kekahbah (d. 1983).

28 wawék’acbe 2020

Kapingamarangi (Kirinit): Kapingamarangi (Kirinit) ✧ KPG ✧ Polynesian language with around 3000 speakers on the Kapingamarangi and Pohnpei Islands of Micronesia

28 lima malama 2020

Kaqchikel: Kaqchikel ✧ CAK ✧ Mayan family, 450,000 speakers in Guatemala’s Central Highlands. Kaqchikel intensifies adjectives by reduplication — in other words, repeating them twice.

28 ro’ ik’ 2020  ▭

Karachay-Balkar: Karachay-Balkar ✧ KRC ✧ Turkic language spoken in the Kabardino-Balkaria region of the North Caucasus. Closely related to Kumyk (q.v.).

28 хыčауман ай [chičauman ay] 2020  ▭

Karakalpak: Karakalpak ✧ KAA ✧ Turkic, closely related to Kazakh (q.v.), approx. 400,000 speakers in Uzbekistan

28 жаўза [jawza] 2020  ▭

Karang: Karang ✧ KZR ✧ Niger-Congo, Bantu. Four dialects, 18,000 speakers in Camaroon. Adds letters Ɓ (B with hook), Ɗ (D with hook), Ŋ (eng), Ɔ (open O), and several multigraphs treated as single characters. Has two tones, signals nazalized vowels either with an ogonek (Ą) or a cedilla (A̧).

28 few-poŋ dɔh 2020

Karbi (Mikir): Karbi (Mikir) ✧ MJW ✧ Sino-Tibetan, though its position within that family remains speculative. Two main dialects, half a million speakers in the northeastern parts of both India and Bangladesh. Rated “vulnerable” by UNESCO.

28 aru 2020  ▭

Karelian [Standard]: Karelian [Standard] ✧ KRL ✧ Uralic, Finnic. Only non-Karelian spoilsports call it a Finnish (q.v.) dialect. 36,000 speakers.

28 oraskuu “New crop month” 2020  ▭

Karelian [Livvi/Olonets]: Karelian [Livvi/Olonets] ✧ OLO ✧ About 30,000 speakers, mostly clustered northeast of Saint Petersburg, adjacent to the eastern shore of Lake Ladoga.

28 oraskuudu 2020

Karen [S'gaw]: Karen [S'gaw] ✧ KAR ✧ Sino-Tibetan family, spoken by four million in Myanmar and Thailand. Five tones, uses a true alphabet derived from the Burmese script.

[day nyah]   ▭

Karuk: Karuk ✧ KYH ✧ Language isolate native to northwest California’s Siskiyou, Humboldt, and Del Norte counties. As of 2007 a dozen native speakers remained along with 30 or so who had acquired it, largely through the efforts of the Karuk Language Restoration Committee.

28 xakinívkihaan 2020

Kasena (Kasem): Kasena (Kasem) ✧ XSM ✧ Niger-Congo, Gur, 250,000 speakers in Ghana (where it’s official) and Burkina Faso. The alphabets the two countries use for it are slightly different. Shown below, the Burkina Faso style.

28 duuni cana 2020

Kaska: Kaska ✧ KKZ ✧ Na-Dené, Athabaskan. Fewer than 300 native speakers in towns in the Northwest Territories, Yukon Territory, and Northern British Columbia. Tonal with contrastive vowel length and nazalization.

28 Eyḗzéʼ Sā “Eggs month” 2020

Katso (Kazhuo): Katso (Kazhuo) ✧ KAF ✧ Sino-Tibetan, Loloish, 4000 ethnic Mongol speakers, Tonghai County in Yunnan, China. Eight tones.

28 o³¹jɛ³³ 2020

Kayan {Malayo-Polynesian} [Baram]: Kayan {Malayo-Polynesian} [Baram] ✧ KCT ✧ Malayo-Polynesian language spoken in central Borneo, in two dialects of weak interintelligibity. Not to be confused with Sino-Tibetan Kayan, also known as Padaung.

28 bulan lima’ 2020

Kazakh: Kazakh ✧ KAZ ✧ Altaic, Turkic, akin to Karakalpak (q.v.). Cyrillic alphabet. In 2017 Kazakh president Nursultan Nazarbayev decreed that the language will switch completely to the Roman alphabet by 2025.

28 мамыр [mamır] 2020  ▭

Kemedzung (Dumbo): Kemedzung (Dumbo) ✧ DMO ✧ Niger-Congo family, Southern Bantoid, 3500 speakers in western Cameroon

28 mbadi 2020

Kenyah [Lepo’ Tau]: Kenyah [Lepo’ Tau] ✧ XKL ✧ Malayo-Polynesian, North Bornean, Kenyah, Highland B group. There are about a dozen Kenya dialects spoken on Borneo. Lepo’ Tau is preliterate and hasn’t been studied to any great extent.

28 bulan lema 2020

Keres (Keresan): Keres (Keresan) ✧ KEE/KJQ ✧ Language isolate group spoken in New Mexico, tonal, with an extremely large consonant and vowel inventory — about 95 in total. Vowel length is contrastive, and some are whispered. 10,000 speakers.

28 shawiitsishe 2020  ▭

Ket: Ket ✧ KET ✧ The only surviving language from the Yeniseian family and seriously endangered, with 150 speakers in Siberia’s Yenisei River valley

28 ӄурабъл [qurabˤl] 2020  ▭

Khakas [Koybal]: Khakas [Koybal] ✧ KJH ✧ Turkic language spoken by 43,000 (most of whom are bilingual in Russian) in the Khakassia Republic, north of the Altai Mountains

28 silkär 2020

Khakas [Sagay]: Khakas [Sagay] ✧ KJH ✧ Another dialect of Khakas

28 xïra tartçañ ay 2020

Khanty: Khanty ✧ KCA ✧ Uralic language related to Mansi (q.v.) and Hungarian. 12,000 speakers in Russia’s Khanty–Mansi and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrugs and in the Tomsk Oblast. Khanty’s major dialects differ significantly and are not mutually intelligible.

28 ӆөнт-васәҳ тыӆәс [l̦ŏnt-wаsĕx̌ tyl̦ĕs] 2020  ▭

Khanty [Eastern]: Khanty [Eastern] ✧ KCA ✧ Eastern Khanty terms collected 1956-1957

28 koimiki “Spawning month” 2020

Kharia: Kharia ✧ KHR ✧ Austroasiatic family, Munda branch, about 300,000 speakers in mainland India, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and Nepal. Not closely related to any other Munda language.

28 kas.rel 2020

Khasi: Khasi ✧ KHA ✧ Austroasiatic family, spoken by about one million in the Meghalaya state in India. Uses the Roman alphabet, deleting C, F, Q, V, X, and G (by itself) but adding Ng, Ï, and Ñ.

28 'nái-jymmang 2020  ▭

Khmer (Cambodian): Khmer (Cambodian) ✧ KHM ✧ Austroasiatic family, Mon-Khmer branch, heavy Sanskrit influences. Oldest inscription dates from 611 CE.

[uk sak phea]   ▭

Khowar (Chitrali): Khowar (Chitrali) ✧ KHW ✧ Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, 450,000 speakers mostly in Pakistan. Five dialects, month names can vary from one Chitrali village to another.

28 boy -or- žulɣispru -or- šetu drek 2020

K’iche’ (Quiché): K’iche’ (Quiché) ✧ QUC ✧ Mayan family, spoken by 2. 3 million in Guatemala, 13 percent of whom are monolingual. The famous Popol Vuh (Book of the people) was written in Classical K’iche’.

28 uro’ ik’ 2020  ▭

Kiga 1 (Rukiga): Kiga 1 (Rukiga) ✧ CGG ✧ Niger-Congo, Central Bantu. Uganda and Rwanda. Prefixes indicate the class of a noun, e.g.: nu- indicates person; ki-, customs; ru-, languages (hence Kiga => Rukiga). Closely related to Nkore (q.v.).

28 Okwakataana 2020

Kiga 2 (Rukiga): Kiga 2 (Rukiga) ✧ CGG ✧ Alternate Kiga terminology, considered “Classical”

28 Rwamagira “Rain that skips around” 2020

Kikuyu (Gikuyu): Kikuyu (Gikuyu) ✧ KIK ✧ Niger-Congo, Northeast Bantu, 6. 6 million speakers in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. Three tones: high, low, low-rising. Spoken by a character in the 1983 Star Wars movie Return of the Jedi.

28 Mwere wa gatano 2020

Kiliwa: Kiliwa ✧ KLB ✧ Yuman language, 50 speakers, northern Baja California. Word for Pacific Ocean is Kuñím.

28 págu 2020

Kiowa: Kiowa ✧ KIO ✧ One of seven languages belonging to the Tanoan family, seriously endangered, 100 speakers in western Oklahoma. Uses aspirated and ejective consonants; vowels can be oral or nasal, long or short.

28 P’au dah p’aw “Time the grass begins to grow” 2020

Kiribati (Gilbertese): Kiribati (Gilbertese) ✧ GIL ✧ Malayo-Polynesian, 120,000 speakers. Its alphabet has 13 letters. “Kiribati” is pronounced KEER-i-bass, as natively this language has no S and so uses the digraph TI to indicate that sound from foreign loans. This includes the language’s very name.

28 Meei 2020  ▭

Koasati (Coushatta): Koasati (Coushatta) ✧ CKU ✧ Muskogean language, tonal, spoken by 200 Coushatta people who live just north of Elton, LA and near Livingston, TX. Akin to Alabama (q.v.) though the two aren’t mutually intelligible.

28 méyka -or- hasí stacahappá:kan 2020

Kơho: Kơho ✧ KPM ✧ Austroasiatic, Bahnaric, spoken in twelve dialects by 200,000 in Vietnam’s Lâm Đồng Province. Vowel length is contrastive; prefix tön- makes a passive verb active.

28 kəənhaj pram 2020

Kokborok (Tripuri): Kokborok (Tripuri) ✧ TRP ✧ Sino-Tibetan language of India and Bangladesh, spoken by 900,000. Uses high and low tones. Its speakers, predominately Twipra Kingdom descendants, are sharply divided between the use of Bengali versus Roman script for it.

28 remba talni mung 2020

Komi (Ziryan): Komi (Ziryan) ✧ KOM ✧ Uralic, Permic, akin to Udmurt (q.v.). Spoken by 220,000 in Russia’s Komi Republic. Many would follow, but this was the first non-Slavic language to derive its own alphabet from the Cyrillic.

28 ода кора [oda kora] 2020  ▭

Komo: Komo ✧ XOM ✧ Nilo-Saharan (possibly), Koman; 10,000 speakers in Sudan, 8500 in Ethiopia. Three tones, uses ejective and implosive consonants.

28 pay kana dogon 2020

Kom: Kom ✧ BKM ✧ Niger-Congo, Bantu. Tri-tonal, 127,000 speakers in northwest Camaroon

28 njoñ ngœòsÏì 2020

Kongo: Kongo ✧ KON ✧ Bantu language spoken in Angola and both Congos. The words zombie and goober, and possibly funky, are Kongo loans.

28 sánza ya mítáno 2020

Konso: Konso ✧ KXC ✧ Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic, spoken by 240,000 South of Lake Chamo in Ethiopia. Serves as a lingua franca in the area.

28 harta 2020  ▭

Korku: Korku ✧ KFQ ✧ Austroasiatic, Munda. 727,133 speakers in rural central and eastern India. UNESCO considers Korku “vulnerable to extinction” as it’s being rapidly displaced by Hindi.

28 akhartijo 2020

Kosraean (Kusaiean): Kosraean (Kusaiean) ✧ KOS ✧ Malayo-Polynesian, Micronesian, spoken by 8000 on Kosrae of the Caroline Islands (where it’s the official language) and Nauru. Possessive pronouns (my, your, etc.) vary according to the subject being referenced.

28 mei 2020

Koyra Chiini (Western Songhay): Koyra Chiini (Western Songhay) ✧ KHQ ✧ Nilo-Saharan, Songhay, 200,000 speakers in a narrow southwest-to-northeast band taking in Timbuktu, Mali. Differing from most other Songhay languages in its syntax and also in being non-tonal.

28 me 2020

Kpelle: Kpelle ✧ KPE ✧ Niger-Congo, Western Mande, 1. 3 million speakers total in Guinea and Liberia. Three dialects, three tones.

28 Gâli-kalai 2020

Kposo (Ikposo): Kposo (Ikposo) ✧ KPO ✧ Niger-Congo, Kwa, 160,000 speakers in Togo and Ghana. Consonant blends kp and gb frequently occur, along with ɣl.

28 ukuluia 2020

Ksingmul: Ksingmul ✧ PUO ✧ Austroasiatic, Mon-Khmer, spoken by 27,000 ethnic Ksingmul (Xinh Mul in Vietnamese) in Vietnam and Laos.

28 bluən haː 2020

Kumyk: Kumyk ✧ KUM ✧ Turkic language, related to Karachay-Balkar (q.v.), spoken by approx. 400,000 in Dagestan. Influenced by Northeast Caucasian languages (Avar, Dargwa, Chechen) as well as by Ossetian (q.v.) and Russian.

28 гюлжан [gyulzhan] 2020  ▭

Kumzari: Kumzari ✧ ZUM ✧ Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, preliterate, spoken by 4000-5000 on northern Oman’s Musandam Peninsula on the Strait of Hormuz. Combines Persian and Arabic vocabulary, though grammar leans Persian. Unique, threatened.

28 mā panj 2020

Kuna (Cuna or Guna): Kuna (Cuna or Guna) ✧ CUK ✧ Chibchan family, spoken by 60,000 Kuna people of Panama’s San Blas Islands and the northern coast of Colombia, who launched a successful rebellion in 1925 and won partial autonomy.

28 yaugnii “Turtle spawning month” 2020

Kurdish [Kurmanji/North]: Kurdish [Kurmanji/North] ✧ KMR ✧ Indo-European family, Indo-Iranian. The dialect of 75% of Kurdish speakers. Unlike Sorani below, Kurmamji usually appears in Roman characters.

28 gulan 2020  ▭

Kurdish [Kurmanji/North/Ezdîkî]: Kurdish [Kurmanji/North/Ezdîkî] ✧ KMR ✧ The Yazidi people speak Kurmanji Kurdish. To distinguish themselves from the Kurds, they call their own language Ezdîkî. These are the Yazidis’ preferred Gregorian month names.

28 gulan 2020

Kurdish [Sorani/South]: Kurdish [Sorani/South] ✧ CKB ✧ The Kurdish dialect second in number of speakers to Kurmanji. Sorani uses a modified Arabic script that, unlike Arabic, expresses vowels with separate characters.

28 âyâr 2020  ▭

Kusasi (Kusaal) [Western or Mowed]: Kusasi (Kusaal) [Western or Mowed] ✧ KUS ✧ Niger-Congo, Gur, 17,000 speakers in Burkina Faso. Tonal. There is also an Eastern dialect spoken in Ghana.

28 sigi-nɔya wãrɩk 2020

Kutenai (Ktunaxa): Kutenai (Ktunaxa) ✧ KUT ✧ Language isolate spoken by 100 in British Columbia, Montana, and Idaho. No distinction between voiced versus unvoiced consonants; word order is flexible.

28 ʔuǂumi 2020

Kuu-Kizhi: Kuu-Kizhi ✧ ??? ✧ Turkic, Central Turkic, Northern Altay Proper. Around 2000 speakers in Russia’s Altay Republic along the Lebed’ River. Scant information on this.

28 [May unknown] 2020

Kven: Kven ✧ FKV ✧ A seriously endangered Finnic language spoken by a few thousand mostly in the communities of Storfjord and Porsanger in Northern Norway. Kven and Finnish (q.v.) are mutually intelligible.

28 maikuu 2020  ▭

Kwangali: Kwangali ✧ KWN ✧ Niger-Congo family, Bantu, spoken by 84,000 in the Okavango River area of Namibia and Angola. Unusually for a Bantu language it uses clicks, likely borrowed from its Khoisan neighbors.

28 Kudumonkuru -or- Nkurukudumo 2020

Kwasio: Kwasio ✧ NMG ✧ Niger-Congo family, Bantu Zone A, Mvumboic, spoken by 26,000 in the coastal area north and south of the Cameroon/Equatorial Guinea border. Tonal.

28 ngwɛn ńtan 2020

Kyrgyz: Kyrgyz ✧ KIR ✧ Turkic, Kipchak, spoken by 4 million in Kyrgyzstan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, China. Originally written with Turkish runes, then an extended Arabic script, then Roman, then Cyrillic.

28 бугу [bugu] 2020  ▭

⌅

Lach: Lach ✧ ??? ✧ Either a dialect of Czech, Polish, or Silesian — depending on whom you believe. Óndra Łysohorsky (1905-1989), arguably the most celebrated Lach poet who resolutely refused to compose in either Polish or Czech, almost singlehandedly set its literary standard.

28 maj 2020

Ladakhi (Bhoti or Balti): Ladakhi (Bhoti or Balti) ✧ LBJ ✧ Sino-Tibetan language spoken by around 130,000 in India, Nepal, China, and Pakistan. Ladakhi and Tibetan are closely related but not mutually intelligible.

28 dawa nga pa 2020  ▭

Ladin [Badiotto]: Ladin [Badiotto] ✧ LLD ✧ Ladin is a Romance language related to Romansh (q.v.). This particular dialect is spoken by a few in the South Tyrol.

28 ma 2020

Ladin [Cadorean]: Ladin [Cadorean] ✧ LLD ✧ Ladin dialect of a handful of speakers in Cadore in the Italian province of Belluno bordering on Austria

28 maio 2020

Ladin [Fassa Valley]: Ladin [Fassa Valley] ✧ LLD ✧ Another Ladin dialect, 600 speakers in Trentino in the Italian Alpines

28 mé 2020

Ladin [Gardenese]: Ladin [Gardenese] ✧ LLD ✧ A fourth Ladin dialect, 8000 speakers in the Dolomites of South Tyrol in Northern Italy

28 mëi 2020  ▭

Ladin [Nones]: Ladin [Nones] ✧ LLD ✧ A fifth Ladin dialect spoken by 30,000 in the Non Valley of Northern Italy. Whether Nones should be considered a dialect of Ladin or simply another Gallo-Italic/Romance language on its own is still open to debate.

28 mać 2020

Ladino (Judaeo-Spanish or Judezmo): Ladino (Judaeo-Spanish or Judezmo) ✧ LAD ✧ Medieval Spanish substrate with Hebrew, Arabic, Turkish loans. Spoken by Sephardic Jews worldwide. Traditionally written with the 15th century Hebrew script called Rashi, shown here.

28  [mayo] 2020  ▭

Lahu: Lahu ✧ LHU ✧ Sino-Tibetan family, Tibeto-Burman branch, 600,000 speakers in China, Thailand, Myanmar, and Laos

28 mè 2020

Lakota: Lakota ✧ LKT ✧ Siouan-Catawban family, spoken by approx. 6000 in the US Dakotas. Heard in the 1990 movie Dances with Wolves.

28 Wihakta Cepapi Wi “Moon when the youngest wife is with child” 2020  ▭

Lak: Lak ✧ LBE ✧ Northeast Caucasian, approx. 160,000 speakers in Southern Dagestan. Heavy influences from Russian, Turkish, Arabic, and Persian.

28 ххюлчинмур барз [χχölčinmur barz] 2020

Lama: Lama ✧ LAS ✧ Niger-Congo, Gur, Gurunsi, 260,000 speakers in Benin and Togo in three dialects. Three tones: high, low, falling.

28 ɖempɔ honɖɔ 2020

Lao [Standard]: Lao [Standard] ✧ LAO ✧ Kra-Dai family, Laos, six tones. As in Thai, many Indo-European loans via Pali/Sanskrit. When the US 1960s sitcom “The Beverly Hillbillies” was broadcast in Thailand, the city folk spoke Thai; the backwoods Clampetts, Lao.

[deuan pueksapa]   ▭

Lao [Isan]: Lao [Isan] ✧ TTS ✧ A group of Lao dialects spoken in northeast Thailand by ethnic Isans.

28 pruessaphakom 2020

Latgalian: Latgalian ✧ LTG ✧ Indo-European, Baltic, 150,000 speakers. Akin to Latvian, Samogitian, and Lithuanian (q.v.). Its popularity has increased markedly since the breakup of the Soviet Union.

28 lopu mieness 2020  ▭

Laz (Lazuri): Laz (Lazuri) ✧ LZZ ✧ A Kartvelian language spoken in five major dialects by approx. 22,000 on the southeast shore of the Black Sea. Many Greek and Turkic loans; all Laz nouns end with a vowel.

28 ფუქრიკა [pukrik̓a] 2020  ▭

Lenape (Delaware): Lenape (Delaware) ✧ DEL ✧ Algonquian, native to the lower Delaware and Hudson Rivers and northern New Jersey in the US. Many Dutch loans from early contact. As of this writing only two speakers remain.

28 Tauwinipen “Summer begins” 2020

Leonese: Leonese ✧ ??? ✧ Endangered Romance language undergoing a revival in northwest Spain. Oldest writings date from ca. 959-974 CE.

28 mayu 2020  ▭

Lepcha: Lepcha ✧ LEP ✧ Sino-Tibetan family, non-tonal, unique script. West Bengal, Nepal, Bhutan; 65,000 speakers.

[tafaa lavo]   ▭

Lezgian: Lezgian ✧ LEZ ✧ Northeast Caucasian, uses 54 consonant sounds, numerals 20 to 99 are expressed vigesimally (by 20s). Official in Dagestan, 665,000 speakers.

28 тӀул [ṭul] 2020  ▭

Lezgian [Premodern]: Lezgian [Premodern] ✧ LEZ ✧ Conjectured Lezgian terminology of yore

28 мукал [mukal] 2020

Lhao Vo (Langsu or Maru): Lhao Vo (Langsu or Maru) ✧ MHX ✧ Sino-Tibetan, Lolo-Burmese, 100,000 speakers. Heard in Luxi City, Lianghe and Longchuan Counties in China, and eastern Kachin State in Myanmar.

28 lɔ̱⁵⁵ ŋɔ⁵⁵  khjɛʔ⁵⁵ 2020

Ligurian [Genoese]: Ligurian [Genoese] ✧ LIJ ✧ Indo-European, Romance, Northern Italy. Endangered. Not to be confused with ancient Ligurian, an extinct Celtic language.

28 mazzu 2020  ▭

Ligurian [Monégasque]: Ligurian [Monégasque] ✧ LIJ ✧ Ligurian dialect spoken by 5600 in Monaco including Princess Stephanie. Employs the non-Italian ü, œ, and ç.

28 magiu 2020  ▭

Limburgish: Limburgish ✧ LIM ✧ Germanic, East Low Franconian, Limburg (in both The Netherlands and Belgium) & Rhineland areas. Unlike many of its sister Germanic languages, Limburgish does not capitalize the months.

28 mei 2020  ▭

Lingala: Lingala ✧ LIN ✧ Niger-Congo, Bantu, tonal. Spoken by 15 million in both Congos. Lingala prefixes to signify noun classes; but unusually, these prefixes tend to recur throughout the sentence with its adjectives and verbs.

28 sánzá ya mítáno 2020  ▭

Lingarak (Neverver): Lingarak (Neverver) ✧ LGK ✧ Malayo-Polynesian, Malekula subgroup, spoken by 500 central Malekula Island natives in Vanuatu. It’s under serious threat from Bislama (q.v.), English, and French.

28 niblongmur 2020

Lisu [Northern]: Lisu [Northern] ✧ LIS ✧ Sino-Tibetan, related to similarly named Lahu (q.v.). There are 940,000 speakers of all dialects of Lisu inclusive in China, India, Myanmar, and Thailand. The Northern dialect is considered the Standard.

28 ŋuathan 2020

Lisu [Southern]: Lisu [Southern] ✧ LIS ✧ Another Lisu dialect. Uses unusual Fraser alphabet from 1915 in which dots, commas, apostrophes, and bars serve to indicate tones. For Roman transcription, tones are indicated by superscript numbers.

28 [ŋwa²¹ ha²¹] 2020

Lithuanian: Lithuanian ✧ LIT ✧ Indo-European, Baltic, 3 million speakers. Unusually, its alphabet places Y after Į. Earliest writings date from the sixteenth century.

28 gegužės “Cuckoo” 2020

Livonian: Livonian ✧ LIV ✧ Uralic, akin to Finnish and Estonian (qq.v.). Its last native speaker was Grizelda Kristina (1910-1913) but many are acquiring it as a second language through programs at universities in Estonia, Latvia, and Finland.

28 líedkú “Leaf month” 2020  ▭

Lombard [Eastern]: Lombard [Eastern] ✧ LMO ✧ Romance, spoken in Northern Italy around Bergamo, Brescia, Mantua, Crema, and Trentino. Lombard and its dialects are not mutually intelligible with Italian.

28 magg 2020  ▭

Lombard [Eastern Bergamasque]: Lombard [Eastern Bergamasque] ✧ LMO ✧ A subdivision of Eastern Lombard spoken by 700,000

28 maš 2020

Lombard [Mantuan]: Lombard [Mantuan] ✧ LMO ✧ Lombard dialect spoken in the city and commune of Mantua in Lombardy

28 mag 2020

Lombard [Western] (Insubric): Lombard [Western] (Insubric) ✧ LMO ✧ The Lombard spoken in Southern Switzerland and Northern Italy around Milan

28 magg 2020  ▭

Lorrain [Vosgien La Bresse]: Lorrain [Vosgien La Bresse] ✧ ??? ✧ Romance, Langue d’oïl, Lorraine subgroup. Lorraine’s Vosgien dialects were spoken in France in Vosges, St. Quirin, eastern Badonviller, and two Alsace Departments. Seldom heard today, though much of their influence and vocabulary lives on.

28 mai 2020  ▭

Lorrain [Vosgien La Haye]: Lorrain [Vosgien La Haye] ✧ ??? ✧ Another Vosgien subdialect

28 mê 2020

Lorrain [Vosgien Ville sur Illon]: Lorrain [Vosgien Ville sur Illon] ✧ ??? ✧ Another Vosgien subdialect

28 mê 2020

Louisiana Creole: Louisiana Creole ✧ LOU ✧ French-derived, African plus other elements. Unlike French, verbs don’t conjugate. Not to be confused with Louisiana French, ᴀᴋᴀ Cajun, a dialect of Metropolitan (Standard) French.

28 mai 2020  ▭

Lower Tanana: Lower Tanana ✧ TAA ✧ Endangered Athabaskan language with a dozen or so speakers. Minto, Alaska.

28 benen-ch’edegoyee 2020

Loxrlavu [Yao'an] (Lolopo): Loxrlavu [Yao'an] (Lolopo) ✧ YCL ✧ Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Ngwi-Burmese, Ngwi. Spoken by 60,000 Loxrlapor in China’s Chuxiong Prefecture and Xiangyun County, Midian Township. Greeting: “May you have peace,” Ni leil zzaso lol nia [ni ³³ le ⁵⁵ dza ³³so ³³ lo ⁵⁵ n ^ja ³³].

28 ngorxiu 2020

Lozi: Lozi ✧ LOZ ✧ Niger-Congo family, Bantu, spoken in Zambia, Zimbabwe, Namibia, Botswana, and South Africa. It arose as a hybrid of two other Bantu languages, Luyana and Kololo.

28 Kandao 2020

Luba-Kasai (Ciluba or Western Luba): Luba-Kasai (Ciluba or Western Luba) ✧ LUA ✧ Niger-Congo family, Bantu, spoken in the Katanga Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Closely related to, but not to be confused with, Luba-Katanga (q.v.).

28 ngondo muitanu -or- lumungulu -or- kalubi՚ a bisala 2020

Luba-Katanga: Luba-Katanga ✧ LUB ✧ Niger-Congo family, Bantu, spoken in the Katanga Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Closely related to, but not to be confused with, Luba-Kasai (q.v.).

28 Lumùngùlù 2020

Ludic: Ludic ✧ LUD ✧ Uralic, Finnic, critically endangered. 3000 speakers near the northeastern shore of Lake Onega, Republic of Karelia, Russia. Described as a transitional language between Veps and the Livvi/Olonets dialect of Karelian (qq.v.).

28 orazkuu 2020  ▭

Luganda (Ganda): Luganda (Ganda) ✧ LUG ✧ Niger-Congo, Northeast Bantu, 4 million speakers mostly in the Baganda area of Uganda. Tonal (high, low, falling), both consonants and vowels can be long, shown by doubling the letter, or short.

28 Muzigo -or- omwezi ogw'okutaano 2020  ▭

Lugbara: Lugbara ✧ LGG ✧ Nilo-Saharan family, Uganda (west Nile region) and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. First written in 1918, uses Roman alphabet except for Q and X.

28 Mayi 2020

Luo (Dholuo): Luo (Dholuo) ✧ LUO ✧ Nilo-Saharan family, Western Nilotic, Mutually intelligible with Acholi (q.v.), 4. 2 million speakers in Kenya and Tanzania. Barak Obama Sr. was Luo.

28 Dwe mar abich 2020

Lurish (Luri) [Southern]: Lurish (Luri) [Southern] ✧ LUZ ✧ Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, descended from Middle Persian, 4-5 million speakers. This Lurish dialect is heard in Iran’s Kohgiluyeh, Boyer-Ahmad, Fars, Bushehr, and Khouzestan provinces.

28 xordâd 2020

Luxembourgish [Traditional]: Luxembourgish [Traditional] ✧ LTZ ✧ Indo-European, Germanic, French influences. Its CH is pronounced like English SH (š). “Moselle Franconian” is an umbrella term for Luxembourgish and its related West Germanic dialects.

28 Päischtmount 2020  ▭

⌅

Maa [Maasai]: Maa [Maasai] ✧ MAS ✧ Nilo-Saharan family, spoken in Kenya & Tanzania by 1. 3 million. Highly tonal and features implosives, an example of which is the way English speakers imitate those cartoonish “glug-glug” sounds.

28 oloilépunyie inkókúâ 2020

Maa [Samburu]: Maa [Samburu] ✧ SAQ ✧ Maa dialect of the Northern Kenya highlands, 240,000 speakers. Neither dialect of Maa are often written.

28 Lapa le imet 2020

Macedonian [Archaic/Folk]: Macedonian [Archaic/Folk] ✧ MKD ✧ Indo-European, South Slavic. Lacks the noun case system characteristic of most other Slavic languages. Not to be confused with Macedonian Greek, an unrelated Hellenic language spoken during the first millennium BCE.

28 косар [kosar] “Mowing” 2020  ▭

Mada [Rija]: Mada [Rija] ✧ MDA ✧ Niger-Congo, Plateau, Ninzic, spoken by over 100,000 (all dialects) in Nigeria’s Plateau and Kaduna States. Tonal. Not to be confused with Maɗa, an Afro-Asiatic language of Cameroon.

28 hwə yə̄ tun 2020

Maguindanao [Pre-Spanish Conquest]: Maguindanao [Pre-Spanish Conquest] ✧ MDH ✧ Malayo-Polynesian language spoken by 1. 1 million descendants of the Sultanate of Maguindanao on southwest Mindanao in the Philippines

28 katlawaan 2020

Makasai [Makalero]: Makasai [Makalero] ✧ MJB ✧ From the Trans-New Guinea family, Makasai itself is spoken by 100,000 in the Baucau and Viquequ districts of East Timor; of those, 6000 speak the Makalero dialect. This is their rarely used Gregorian month terminology.

28 sakar “When the sakar grain is ripe” 2020

Makassarese [Traditional, before 1605]: Makassarese [Traditional, before 1605] ✧ MAK ✧ Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian language spoken by 2. 1 million, native to the South Sulawesi province of Indonesia. Terminology shown was that of the Pre-Islamic Kindgom of Goa.

XXVIII bulang Sarawanai MMXX

Makhuwa-Meetto: Makhuwa-Meetto ✧ MGH ✧ Niger-Congo, Bantu, spoken by 6. 6 million Makua in Malawi, Mozambique, and Tanzania. Few vowels but rich consonant inventory that includes includes both English th sounds (IPA θ and ð), a ph (IPA pʰ), as well as č (IPA tɕ, cherry) and š (IPA ʃ, shine).

28 Mweri wo unethanu 2020

Makonde (Kimakonde): Makonde (Kimakonde) ✧ KDE ✧ Niger-Congo, Bantu, Ruvuma, 1. 4 million speakers in Kenya, Malawi, and Tanzania. Beyond the standard, the dialects Matembwe and Mabiha differ enough from it to be considered separate languages.

28 Mwedi wa Nnyano 2020

Malagasy: Malagasy ✧ MLG ✧ In all dialects inclusive, spoken by 25 million in Madagascar but (surprise!) it’s Malayo-Polynesian rather than African. The first southeast Asians began arriving by boat here only about 1800 years ago. They were the island’s first permanent inhabitants.

28 Mey 2020  ▭

Malagasy [Antankaraña]: Malagasy [Antankaraña] ✧ XMV ✧ Dialect spoken by 156,000 ethnic Antankaraña in the north. Malagasy’s demonstrative pronouns specify seven degrees of distance, as compared to only two (“this” versus “that”) for English.

28 Volambita 2020

Malagasy [Sakalava]: Malagasy [Sakalava] ✧ SKG ✧ Dialect spoken by 1. 2 million ethnic Sakalava in northern Madagascar

28 Hiahia 2020

Malagasy [Tandroy-Mahafaly]: Malagasy [Tandroy-Mahafaly] ✧ TDX ✧ Dialect spoken by 1. 3 million ethnic Tandroy and Mahafaly in southwestern Madagascar

28 Me 2020

Malecite-Passamaquoddy: Malecite-Passamaquoddy ✧ PQM ✧ Algonquian family, Eastern, endangered, spoken by several hundred in New Brunswick and Maine. It has twelve consonants with no distinction between voiced and unvoiced forms.

28 siqonomeqi-kisuhs “Alewive moon” 2020

Maltese: Maltese ✧ MLT ✧ Afro-Asiatic family, descendent from an extinct variety of Arabic that developed on Sicily. Spoken on Malta by 370,000. It’s been heavily influenced by Sicilian (q.v.) and Italian and uses many English loans.

28 Mejju 2020  ▭

Manchu: Manchu ✧ MNC ✧ Tungusic, spoken natively by fewer than 20 in Northeast China, but also by several thousand as an acquired language thanks to recent revival efforts

[sunža biya]   ▭

Mandinka(Mandingo): Mandinka(Mandingo) ✧ MNK ✧ Niger-Congo family, Mande branch, Manding group. Bitonal. Its dialects don’t diverge very much. Officially Mandinka uses the Roman alphabet but its 17-character Arabic-derived script is more popular and enjoys a longer tradition.

28 mee karoo 2020

Mandinka (Mandingo) [Traditional]: Mandinka (Mandingo) [Traditional] ✧ MNK ✧ These were the Mandinka terms before it adopted the neo-Latin.

28 annola fulan-jango 2020

Mang: Mang ✧ ZNG ✧ Austroasiatic family, 3200 speakers in Lai Châu Province, Vietnam and neighboring areas in China. The outside world only discovered this language in 1974.

28 meː¹ han² 2020

Mangarevan: Mangarevan ✧ MRV ✧ Malayo-Polynesian, spoken by 600 in French Polynesia’s Mangareva and Gambier Islands. Though many speakers are bilingual with French, Mangarevan itself borrows little from unrelated languages.

28 erehu 2020

Mangbai: Mangbai ✧ ZNG ✧ Niger-Congo, Mbum, Tupuri–Mambai, 14,000 speakers in Cameroon (Bénoué) and Chad (Lac-Léré). First studied academically in 1971, official alphabet published in 2004. Mangbai has tones but they’re not indicated in its writing.

28 fee bu՚ ya̧h -or- fee kuulo -or- fee kuura 2020

Mankanya: Mankanya ✧ KNF ✧ Niger-Congo family, Bak branch, spoken natively by 75,000 in Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, and Senegal.

28 Pli ptëbënţën pi pubël 2020

Mansi: Mansi ✧ MNS ✧ Uralic, related to Hungarian and Khanty (qq.v.), 3000 speakers in central Siberia. Word order is fixed.

28 янк натнэ этпос [yank natne etpos] 2020  ▭

Manx: Manx ✧ GLV ✧ Celtic, Goidelic (related to Irish Gaelic), native to the Isle of Man. Its last native speaker was Ned Maddrell (1877-1974). The local folk band Briskee Brisht performs songs in both English and Manx.

28 Boaldyn 2020  ▭

Māori [New Zealand]: Māori [New Zealand] ✧ MRI ✧ Malayo-Polynesian, closely related to Tahitian. Personal pronouns come in singular, dual, and plural. Vowel length is contrastive, the long version signaled with a macron.

28 Haratua 2020  ▭

Māori [Cook Islands] (Rarotongan): Māori [Cook Islands] (Rarotongan) ✧ MRI ✧ This is the Māori dialect official in the Cook Islands with approx. 14,000 speakers there and another 8000 in New Zealand.

28 Mē 2020  ▭

Māori [Moriori]: Māori [Moriori] ✧ MRI ✧ Māori dialect of the Chatham Islands, east of New Zealand’s South Island. In 1835 two waves of Māori invaded the Moriori and virtually annihilated them. Their dialect died natively with its last speaker Hirawanu Tapu in 1898.

28 Putchihapa 2020  ▭

Mapudungun (Mapuche): Mapudungun (Mapuche) ✧ ARN ✧ Language isolate native to Chile and Argentina, 260,000 speakers. Writing system under dispute.

28 inanrimu-cújen 2020  ▭

Mari [Meadow or Eastern] (Cheremis): Mari [Meadow or Eastern] (Cheremis) ✧ MHR ✧ Uralic language spoken in Russia’s Mari Replublic. Nine noun cases, 470,000 speakers. The other chief dialect is Hill Mari, which in contrast to Meadow relies on Russian/Neo-Latin Gregorian month terms.

28 яга [aga] 2020  ▭

Marshallese: Marshallese ✧ MAH ✧ Malayo-Polynesian, two main dialects, spoken by 44,000 on the Marshall Islands.

28 Māe 2020

Mashi (Kwandu): Mashi (Kwandu) ✧ MHO ✧ A Niger-Congo, Bantu language spoken by 22,000 in parts of Angola, DR Congo, and Zambia.

28 Kahya-karhanzi 2020

Matlatzinca: Matlatzinca ✧ MAT ✧ From the Oto-Manguean family, spoken by 650 in and around San Francisco Oxtotilpa, Mexico. Matlatzinca is seriously endangered, though with 61 other languages Mexico recognizes it as official.

28 kut՚ anbë 2020  ▭

Mavea: Mavea ✧ MLV ✧ A moribund Malayo-Polynesian, Southern Oceanic language spoken by 34 (as of 2008) on Vanuatu’s Mafea Island. Rapidly being displaced by Bislama (q.v.) with little or no effort being made to preserve it.

28 maoto lavoa “Maoto plant blooming” 2020

Maxakalí: Maxakalí ✧ MBL ✧ Macro-Gê family, spoken by a few hundred in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Maxakalí forms compound terms by combining various verbs, adjectives, and nouns: house, for example, is mĩptut (“wood mother”), while vehicle is mĩptutmog (“wood mother go”).

28 mãîy 2020

Mazanderani (Tabäri): Mazanderani (Tabäri) ✧ MZN ✧ Indo-European, Western Iranian, spoken by 3 million in Iran’s provinces along the southern Caspian coast. Famous for its rich literary heritage. Not mutually intelligible with Persian.

28 مه [mah] 2020

Mbuko: Mbuko ✧ MHW ✧ Afro-Asiatic, Chadic. 13,000 speakers in Northern Camaroon. Not to be confused with Mbukushu below, from the Niger-Congo family.

28 kiya mbérka 2020

Mbukushu: Mbukushu ✧ MHW ✧ Niger-Congo family, a Bantu language that unlike most uses clicks, spoken by 50,000 along Namibia’s Okavango River and in Batswana, Angola, and Zambia. Not to be confused with Afro-Asiatic Mbuko above.

28 dikurupemba 2020

Mbula: Mbula ✧ MNA ✧ Malayo-Polynesian, spoken by 4500 in Morobe, Papua New Guinea. Many bilingual in Tok Pisin (q.v.) and/or English. Five first-person pronouns.

28 Ro mataana 2020

Mbèlimè: Mbèlimè ✧ MBL ✧ Niger-Congo, Gur, Oti-Volta, 40,000 speakers in the communes of Cobly and Boukoumbé in the department of Atacora in northwest Benin and areas of Togo adjacent. Related to Waama and Moba (qq.v.).

28 dicɔncɔ́kídè 2020

Meitei (Manipuri): Meitei (Manipuri) ✧ MNI ✧ Sino-Tibetan. Spoken in India, Bangladesh, Burma and not to be confused with Bishnupriya Manipuri (q.v.) which is Indo-European. Unique script.

[thawaan]

Mele (Atara Imere): Mele (Atara Imere) ✧ MXE ✧ Malayo-Polynesian, one of two interintelligible languages (the other is Fila) spoken natively by 3500 on Vanuatu’s Efate Island. Mele uses a sound that’s rare for a Polynesian language, č (IPA tɕ, the ch in cherry).

28 Meii 2020

Menominee: Menominee ✧ MEZ ✧ Algonquian family, spoken by about three dozen in northern Wisconsin and nearly extinct natively but enthusiastically supported and taught in local schools. Menominee is distinctive in its rather singsong pitch modulations.

28 Pāhkwan kēsoq “Budding moon” 2020

Meriam Mir (Eastern Torres Strait): Meriam Mir (Eastern Torres Strait) ✧ ULK ✧ Trans-Fly family of Papua New Guinea, spoken by around 200 on six islands in the Torres Strait between Australia and New Guinea. Almost half its vocabulary comes from the unrelated Kala Lagaw Ya language spoken in the Western Torres Strait.

28 Mei 2020

Meta': Meta' ✧ MGO ✧ This impossible-to-Google Niger-Congo, Bantu language is spoken by 190,000 in Cameroon. There is radio programming in Meta' and the language is used informally in schools there.

28 iməg fog 2020

Meänkieli: Meänkieli ✧ FIT ✧ Endangered Finnish dialect group spoken in Sweden’s Norrbotten province. Unlike Finnish (q.v.), it borrows neo-Latin terms for the months.

28 mai 2020  ▭

Miami-Illinois (Myaamia): Miami-Illinois (Myaamia) ✧ MIA ✧ Algonquian, originally midwestern US. Extinct but under revival. Uses an iambic stress pattern (de-DA de-Da de-DA) with the syllables in a word.

28 cecaahkwa kiilhswa 2020  ▭

Michif: Michif ✧ CRG ✧ A French-Cree hybrid, < 1000 speakers. North Dakota, Saskatchewan, Manitoba. It borrows its Gregorian calendar terms from French.

28 mé 2020

Micmac: Micmac ✧ MIC ✧ Eastern Algonquian family, approx. 7000 speakers in extreme eastern Canada and northern New England. At one time Micmac used a system of Egyptianesque hieroglyphics called Komqwejwi’kasikl.

28 Sqoljuiku’s “Frog croaking time” 2020  ▭

Miju Mishmi (Kaman): Miju Mishmi (Kaman) ✧ MXJ ✧ Either Sino-Tibetan (?) or an isolate (?), spoken by 18,000 in India’s Arunachal Pradesh and Zayü County in Tibet. Features both voiced and unvoiced th sounds (IPA ð and θ). Two tones, shown with acute and grave accent marks; plus level, shown with a macron.

28 hə̄lūt 2020

Min Dong [Fuzhou]: Min Dong [Fuzhou] ✧ CDO ✧ Sino-Tibetan, unintelligible with Mandarin or Cantonese, untra-complex tonality, southern China, 9. 5 million speakers

28 dâ̤ ngô nguŏk 2020

Mingrelian: Mingrelian ✧ XMF ✧ An endangered Kartvelian language akin to Georgian and Laz (qq.v.), with some mutual intelligibility with the latter. Georgian president Zviad Gamsakhurdia spoke Mingrelian.

კჱ მესეფი [mesepi] ცკ  ▭

Mirandese: Mirandese ✧ MWL ✧ Romance language, over 1000 years removed from Portuguese, spoken by around 5000 in Portugal’s municipalities of Miranda do Douro (where its regulatory academy, the Anstituto de la Lhéngua, resides), Mirandesa, Vimioso and Mogadouro.

28 maio 2020  ▭

Miskito: Miskito ✧ MIQ ✧ From the small Misumalpan family, spoken by approx. 150,000 in Honduras and Nicaragua. English loans are numerous in Miskito; Spanish, less so.

28 lih mairin kâti 2020  ▭

Mixe [Isthmus or Coatlán]: Mixe [Isthmus or Coatlán] ✧ MCO ✧ Mixe–Zoquean family, Mixean, Lowland, 45,000 speakers in Northeastern Oaxaca, Mexico. Agglutinative — i.e., words grow from stems with arbitrarily large numbers of prefixes and suffixes.

28 äämbë mayë 2020

Mixtec [Magdalena Peñasco]: Mixtec [Magdalena Peñasco] ✧ XTM ✧ Oto-Manguean family, Mixtecan branch, Mixtec subgroup. Magdalena Peñasco, “Language of the Rain People,” is spoken by 9100 in the Mexican state of Oaxaca.

28 yoo mayu 2020

Mixtec [Tututepec]: Mixtec [Tututepec] ✧ MTU ✧ A Mixtec language spoken by 1200 in Santa María Acatepec, Santa Cruz Tututepec, and San Pedro Tututepec in Oaxaca, Mexico. Of over 30 Mixtec languages total, Tututepec is among the most divergent.

28 yòò ká"nì -or- yòò ni"ní -or- yòò násaà 2020

Miyako: Miyako ✧ MVI ✧ Japonic, Southern Ryukyuan, with an estimated 10,000 speakers, mostly over 60, on the Miyako Islands of Okinawa, Japan. “Definitely endangered” per UNESCO.

28 gu-gacї 2020  ▭

Mizo (Lushai): Mizo (Lushai) ✧ LUS ✧ Sino-Tibetan language spoken in Myanmar, BangladeshMeänkieliIndia. Akin to Biete (q.v.).

28 tomir thla 2020  ▭

Moba [Ben]: Moba [Ben] ✧ MFQ ✧ Niger-Congo family, Gur, Oti-Volta, Gurma, spoken by 300,000 in extreme northwest Togo concentrated in the city of Dapaong, then extending further west to Ghana and northward to Burkina Faso. Related to Waama and Mbèlimè (qq.v.).

28 kpanyil -or- kpanyila 2020

Moba [Bimoba or Moar]: Moba [Bimoba or Moar] ✧ BIM ✧ This is the rarer Moba dialect spoken by 32,000 in Ghana and Burkina Faso. Not to be confused with another language called Moar (aka Liki) spoken in Indonesia.

28 kpafuur -or- ŋmaariŋanŋmu 2020

Mòcheno: Mòcheno ✧ MHN ✧ West Germanic, Bavarian, akin to Cimbrian (q.v.), spoken by 1900 in Italy’s Bersntol region. In Trentino it’s official where many street signs are bilingual Italian /Mòcheno.

28 moi 2020

Mochica (Chimú): Mochica (Chimú) ✧ OMC ✧ A language native to the northwest Peruvian coast, tentatively assigned to the hypothetical Chimuan family, extinct since the early 20th century.

28 ghiis “Earth” 2020

Mohawk: Mohawk ✧ MOH ✧ Iroquoian family, 3500 speakers in Ontario, Quebec, and Northern New York State. Curiously, no labial (lip-produced) consonants.

28 onerahtohkó:wa “Time of big leaf” 2020  ▭

Mokilese: Mokilese ✧ MKJ ✧ Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, Chuukic-Pohnpeic, native to Mwoakilloa Island in the Federated States of Micronesia, 1200 speakers. Uses four sets of numbers for different classes of objects.

28 mehi 2020

Moksha: Moksha ✧ MDF ✧ Uralic language, Mordvinic, spoken along the central Volga. Related to Erzya (q.v.). There are three main dialects, of which the central, called “ä,” is the literary standard.

III/ΛΛ majgov ΛΛ  ▭

Mong Njua [Green Miao]: Mong Njua [Green Miao] ✧ HNJ ✧ Unlike Hmong Daw (q.v.), this dialect lacks the unvoiced m, thus it’s spelled Mong without the initial H. Hmong Daw and Mong Njua are “mutually intelligible to a well-trained ear” according to a US agency assisting post-Vietnam War refugees.

28 lú cí.hli -or- yâη.hli 2020

Mongolian: Mongolian ✧ MON ✧ Central Mongolic, as are Buryat and Oirat (qq.v.), with 5. 2 million speakers. Observes vowel harmony and lacks the standard L sound, instead treating the letter like an S or a Z with the air escaping from the sides rather than the front (IPA ɮ).

тавдугаар сар [tavdugaar sar]   ▭

Monguor (Tu): Monguor (Tu) ✧ MJG ✧ Mongolic family, Shirongolic branch, 150,000 speakers in China’s Qinghai and Gansu provinces. Two chief dialects are Mongghul and Mangghuer; speakers of the latter count in Chinese. Unlike its kin, it uses the Roman alphabet.

28 tawun sara 2020

Montagnais Innu: Montagnais Innu ✧ MOE ✧ Algonquian language related to Cree (q.v.), spoken by 11,000 in Labrador and Quebec. Contrastive vowel length.

28 nissi-pishim^u 2020  ▭

Moro: Moro ✧ MOR ✧ Niger-Congo, Kordofanian, spoken in Sudan’s Nuba Mountains. Though there were 30,000 speakers in six clans reported in 1982, subsequent warfare may have altered this. The area is remote; information, sparse.

28 ubwa gə'Đəcroməđa 2020

Mossi (Mòoré): Mossi (Mòoré) ✧ MOS ✧ A Niger-Congo language, akin to Frafra (q.v.), spoken by 5 million, mostly in Burkina Faso

28 sig-noy 2020

Moxo [Trinitario]: Moxo [Trinitario] ✧ TRN ✧ Arawakan family, Southern, native to northeast Bolivia. The Endangered Languages Project reports 3100 speakers.

28 mayo 2020

Mozarabic (Andalusi Romance): Mozarabic (Andalusi Romance) ✧ MXI ✧ A set of non-standardized, extinct Romance languages spoken in the Muslim-controlled areas of the Iberian Peninsula (Al Andalus) between the eighth and sixteenth centuries. Three writing systems.

XXVIII / máyu MMXX  ▭

Mundang: Mundang ✧ MUA ✧ A Niger-Congo language spoken by 250,000 in Southern Chad. Its writing system adds Ɓ, Ɗ, Ə, and Ŋ and eliminates Q and X. Contrastive vowel length; nasalizations are shown with tildes (ã, ẽ, ə̃, ĩ, õ).

28 madǝǝuutǝbijaŋ 2020

Mussau-Emira: Mussau-Emira ✧ EMI ✧ Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, St. Matthias, with 5000 speakers based primarily on Papua New Guinea’s islands of Mussau and Emira. All Mussau-Emiraphones are bilingual in Tok Pisin (q.v.) and many can read English.

28 ghalimane ateva ulana 2020

Muyang: Muyang ✧ MUY ✧ Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Central, South, spoken by 30,000 in Camaroon’s Far North Province, arrondissement of Tokombéré. Tonal, uses a confirmation tag (“a”).

28 kiye andra 2020

Muya: Muya ✧ MVM ✧ Sino-Tibetan family, Northern Qiangic; two chief dialects not mutually intelligible. There are 10,000 speakers, of which 2000 speak only Muya. China’s Sichuan Province, Kangbo and Jiulong, Ganzi Tibetan autonomous prefecture, Simian county, Ya’an district.

28 dε³³wε⁵⁵ŋɑ⁵⁵pε⁵³ 2020

Mwotlap [Folk/Traditional]: Mwotlap [Folk/Traditional] ✧ MIV ✧ Malayo-Polynesian, Southern Oceanic, spoken natively by 2100 on Vanuatu'a Mota Lava, Ra, and Banks Islands. Uses four numbers for humans: singular, dual, trial, plural. Non-human subjects are inflected as singular.

28 bōlbōltētdot -or- wōlta 2020  ▭

Myene (Omyene): Myene (Omyene) ✧ MYE ✧ Niger-Congo, Bantu, 45,000 speakers of the Mpongwe, Nkomi, Galwa, and Bongo Pygmy groups in Gabon.

28 fogwɛtani 2020

⌅

Nāhuatl: Nāhuatl ✧ NAH ✧ Uto-Aztecan, from the original language group of the Aztecs, presently 1.7 million speakers. Of its many dialects, Huasteca Nāhuatl is the most heavily spoken.

28 tlamācuīlti 2020  ▭

Na [Yongning]: Na [Yongning] ✧ NRU ✧ Sino-Tibetan, Qiangic, spoken in Yongning township, Lijiang municipality in China’s Yunnan Province. Akin to Nakhi (q.v.).

28 ngualhimi 2020

Nafsan (South Efate): Nafsan (South Efate) ✧ ERK ✧ Malayo-Polynesian, native to Efate Island of northeast Vanuatu with 6000 speakers. They count in base 5.

28 atlag kalim 2020

Nakhi (Naxi): Nakhi (Naxi) ✧ NXQ ✧ Sino-Tibetan, Qiangic, spoken in Yunnan by 350,000, famous for its Dongba “picture” writing. Related to Na (q.v.).

28 walmei -or- wuyui 2020

Nàmá (Khoekhoe): Nàmá (Khoekhoe) ✧ HQM ✧ Khoisan family, 300,000 speakers. Consonants include 20 clicks. Formerly called Hottentot.

28 ǂnuǁkhab -or- !khaitsâb 2020  ▭

Nanai (Gold): Nanai (Gold) ✧ GLD ✧ Tungusic. 1400 speakers, decendents of Manchurian Jurchen. Switched from Roman to Cyrillic in 1937. Compared with Russian Cyrillic, Nanai adds Ӈ for an ŋ sound (as in fang).

28 надан биа [nadan bia] 2020  ▭

Nandi: Nandi ✧ KLN ✧ Nilo-Saharan family, Nilotic, Kalenjin group, spoken in east Africa’s Rift Valley. Tonal, contrastive vowel length. Not to be confused with Nande (Kinande), a Niger-Congo language.

28 Ng’eiyet 2020  ▭

Nandi [Cemual]: Nandi [Cemual] ✧ NIQ ✧ A Nandi subdivision spoken by 950,000 in Kenya’s Rift Valley Province.

28 Ngei 2020

Naskapi: Naskapi ✧ NSK ✧ Algonquian family, spoken by 1,230 in Quebec and Labrador. Uses the Cree syllabic writing system.

28 [aasimwaakw-piisim na] “Loon month” 2020

Navajo (Diné bizaad): Navajo (Diné bizaad) ✧ NAV ✧ Athabaskan family, southwest US. Tonal, uses ejectives like the Caucasian languages.

28 Tʼą́ą́tsoh 2020  ▭

Nawdm: Nawdm ✧ NMZ ✧ Niger-Congo, Gur, Northern, 150,000 speakers in Togo plus more in Ghana. Nawdm’s alphabet includes six digraphs: gw, gb, kw, kp, ny, ŋm. To distinguish paired consonants as not part of a digraph, the first takes a diaeresis (e.g., g̈w).

28 zùm̀ nàʼà -or- nadkpasaaga 2020

Ndebele [Northern] (Zimbabwean Ndebele): Ndebele [Northern] (Zimbabwean Ndebele) ✧ NDE ✧ Niger-Congo, Southern Bantu, Nguni. Native to Zimbabwe and part of Botswana, spoken by descendants of Zulu leader Mzilikazi (1790-1868).

28 uNkwekwezi 2020  ▭

Ndebele [Southern] (Transvaal Ndebele): Ndebele [Southern] (Transvaal Ndebele) ✧ NBL ✧ Niger-Congo, Southern Bantu, Nguni. Spoken in South Africa’s provinces of Mpumalanga, Limpopo, Gauteng, and North West.

28 uMrhayili 2020

Ndyuka (Aukan): Ndyuka (Aukan) ✧ DJK ✧ English-based creole spoken by 25,000 to 30,000 rainforest dwellers known as the Maroon in Surinam and French Guiana. Afáka Atumisi’s 56-character syllabary from 1908, which he attributed to angelic revelation, is still used today.

28 feifi mun 2020

Neapolitan: Neapolitan ✧ NAP ✧ Romance language named not after the city but the Kingdom of Naples, spoken in central Italy. The term paparazzo from Frederico Fellini’s film La Dolce Vita (1960) arose from the Abruzzo dialect of Neapolitan spoken by one of his screenwriters.

28 magg 2020  ▭

Neapolitan [Tarantine]: Neapolitan [Tarantine] ✧ NAP ✧ Dialect of Neapolitan with Ancient Messapic roots, spoken by 300,000 in and around the city of Taranto in the Italian heel area.

28 másce 2020

Nenets 1: Nenets 1 ✧ YRK ✧ Uralic family, Samoyedic, spoken by 22,000 in a swath starting from Russia’s Kola Peninsula, eastward along the northern Siberian coast, then to the whole of Krasnoyarsk Krai approaching Russia’s southern border. The word “parka” comes from Nenets.

28 нёвды иры [nyovdi yriy] 2020  ▭

Nenets 2: Nenets 2 ✧ YRK ✧ Alternate terms from a different source, corresponding to January through September

28 ты″ ниць иры “Deer calving month” 2020

Nez Perce: Nez Perce ✧ NEZ ✧ Plateau Penutian family, Idaho, < 200 speakers, revival underway. Observes vowel harmony, acute accents show stress.

28 ’apa’áal 2020

Nganasan: Nganasan ✧ NIO ✧ Uralic family, Samoyedic. Extreme north central Russia, approx. 1000 speakers.

28 todu 2020  ▭

Ngiemboon: Ngiemboon ✧ NNH ✧ Niger-Congo family, Southern Bantoid, Grassfields. Spoken in Province de l'Ouest and Bamboutos in Cameroon by 250,000.

28 saŋ tsɛ̀ɛ cÿó 2020

Ngomba: Ngomba ✧ JGO ✧ A Niger-Congo family, Southern Bantoid, Grassfields language like Ngiemboon above. Spoken in Province de l'Ouest and Bamboutos in Cameroon by 63,000.

28 pɛsaŋ pataa 2020

Ngwo (Engwo): Ngwo (Engwo) ✧ NGN ✧ Niger-Congo, Southern Bantoid, 22,000 speakers in the Northwest Region of Cameroon — Momo Division, Njikwa Subdivision. Ngwo is tonal and agglutinative.

28 Méè 2020

Nheengatu: Nheengatu ✧ YRL ✧ Tupi-Guaraní family, spoken by 19,000 in Brazil, Colombia, and Venezuela. The name means “good tongue.”

28 îasypó 2020  ▭

Nisga’a: Nisga’a ✧ NCG ✧ Tsimshianic family, seriously endangered, British Columbia, Canada. A close kin to Gitxsan (q.v.).

28 Yansa’alt 2020  ▭

Niuean: Niuean ✧ NIU ✧ Malayo-Polynesian language spoken by 2000 in the South Pacific island nation of Niue and another 5700 elsewhere. Unlike Hawaiian, it uses no glottal stop.

28 Me 2020

Nivkh (Gilyak): Nivkh (Gilyak) ✧ NIV ✧ Language isolate spoken on western Sakhalin Island and adjacent mainland by around 1000. Nivkh is genderless and doesn’t have adjectives. It uses a modified Cyrillic alphabet with 46 letters.

28 vaiten tengi long 2020  ▭

Nkore (Runyankore): Nkore (Runyankore) ✧ CGG ✧ Niger-Congo, Bantu. Spoken by 2.3 million in southwestern Uganda. So close to Kiga /Rukiga (q.v.) that many consider them dialects of the same language.

28 Kyabahezi 2020

Nogai (Alabugat Tatar): Nogai (Alabugat Tatar) ✧ NOG ✧ Turkic, spoken by 87,000 in southwestern Russia’s Tuva region by Golden Horde descendants. Nogai Khan (died ca. 1300) was a grandson of Genghis Khan.

28 курал ай [kural ay] 2020  ▭

Noni (Noone): Noni (Noone) ✧ NHU ✧ Niger-Congo, Southern Bantoid, Eastern Beboid, 50,000 speakers in Cameroon. Noni is said to have been heard as a cryptolect (secret language) in an Indiana Jones movie.

28 kpwee Nfaashɛ 2020

Norman: Norman ✧ NRF ✧ Romance, Langue d’oïl with a substantial Norse element, spoken by approx. 100,000 in Normandy. The Channel Island languages Guernésiais, Jèrriais, and Sercquiais described below descended from medieval Norman.

28 mouai 2020

Norman [Guernésiais/Dgèrnésiais]: Norman [Guernésiais/Dgèrnésiais] ✧ NRF ✧ Norman dialect spoken by approx. 200 on the Channel Island of Guernsey. Victor Hugo contemporary George Métivier (1790–1881) was a widely celebrated author in Guernésiais.

28 mai 2020  ▭

Norman [Jèrriais]: Norman [Jèrriais] ✧ NRF ✧ Norman dialect spoken natively by 2000 on the Channel Island of Jersey. Actress and socialite Lillie Langtry (1853-1929), whose father was Dean of Jersey, quite famously spoke Jèrriais.

28 mouai 2020  ▭

Norman [Sercquiais] (Sarkese): Norman [Sercquiais] (Sarkese) ✧ NRF ✧ The Norman dialect spoken by approx. 20 on the Channel Island of Sark, descended from 16th century Jèrriais. The word for August below isn’t a misprint.

28 me 2020

Nuer: Nuer ✧ NUS ✧ Nilo-Saharan. South Sudan and Ethiopia, 900,000 speakers. Breathy vs. non-breathy vowels. Related to Reel (q.v.).

28 Duät 2020

Nukuoro: Nukuoro ✧ NKR ✧ Malayo-Polynesian, approx. 860 speakers on Nukuoro Atoll and Pohnpei Island (Federated States of Micronesia). Five vowels, each of which can be long or short, and ten consonants total.

28 lima-malama -or- salaboli 2020  ▭

Nusu (Nu) [Northern] (Wawa-Kongtong dialect): Nusu (Nu) [Northern] (Wawa-Kongtong dialect) ✧ NUF ✧ Sino-Tibetan, Lolo-Burmese, preliterate, 2,000 speakers in China’s Fugong, Wawa, Kongtong, and Youduoluo Counties. Not to be confused with Yi /Nuosu, or with the distaff Nüshu script used to write another Sino-Tibetan language called Shaozhou Tuhua.

28 ŋɑ³⁵ ɬa⁵⁵ 2020

Nuuchahnulth (Nootka) [Hesquiaht, Muwač’atḥ]: Nuuchahnulth (Nootka) [Hesquiaht, Muwač’atḥ] ✧ NUK ✧ Of the Southern Wakashan family, Nuuchahnulth as a whole is spoken natively by 130 on Vancouver Island’s west coast. There were at least 15 dialects; this one survives through the efforts of The Hesquiaht Language Program.

28 yašmaqumł 2020  ▭

Nuuchahnulth (Nootka) [Ahousaht, ʕaaḥusʔatḥ]: Nuuchahnulth (Nootka) [Ahousaht, ʕaaḥusʔatḥ] ✧ NUK ✧ Another dialect of Nuuchahnulth

28 ʕuuƛʕuuqumł 2020

Nuuchahnulth (Nootka) [Tseshaht, C’išaaʔatḥ]: Nuuchahnulth (Nootka) [Tseshaht, C’išaaʔatḥ] ✧ NUK ✧ Another dialect of Nuuchahnulth

28 paawacimł 2020

Nyole (Lunyole) [Ugandan]: Nyole (Lunyole) [Ugandan] ✧ NUJ ✧ Niger-Congo family, Bantu, 340,000 speakers in the Tororo District of Uganda. It shares approx. 60% of its vocabulary with Kenyan Nyole.

28 Munaane 2020

Nzime (Badweʼe): Nzime (Badweʼe) ✧ PAC ✧ Niger-Congo, Bantu Zone A, spoken by 40,000 Dweʼe and Nzime people in Cameroon. Two dialects, Koonzime and Bajue.

28 aduʼ-e-wʉnʉ 2020

⌅

Occitan [Aranese]: Occitan [Aranese] ✧ OCI ✧ Indo-European, Romance, Langue d’òc (after its word for yes, oc rather than oui, hence the term Occitan). Spoken in northeast Spain’s Aran Valley, official in Catalonia alongside Catalan (q.v.) and Spanish.

28 mai 2020  ▭

Occitan [Gascon]: Occitan [Gascon] ✧ OCI ✧ Indo-European, Romance, Langue d’òc. Spoken in Gascony in Southern France. Considered by some linguists to be a separate language as opposed to an Occitan dialect.

28 mai 2020  ▭

Occitan [Provençal]: Occitan [Provençal] ✧ OCI ✧ Indo-European, Romance, closely related to Catalan (q.v.). A Langue d’òc spoken in Southern France.

28 mai 2020  ▭

Occitan [Vivaro-Alpine]: Occitan [Vivaro-Alpine] ✧ OCI ✧ Seriously endangered Occitan dialect spoken by 200,000 in SE France and northwest Italy. The term “Vivaro-Alpine” was coined in the 1970s.

28 mai 2020

Oirat [Kalmyk]: Oirat [Kalmyk] ✧ XAL ✧ Mongolic, grammatically genderless, earliest written samples dating from the 11th century. The Ewok speech in Return of the Jedi was inspired by the distinctive sound of Oirat.

28 хөн сар [ḣön sar] 2020  ▭

Ojibwe (Chippewa) [Eastern]: Ojibwe (Chippewa) [Eastern] ✧ OJG ✧ Algonquian family, akin to Algonquin (q.v.), 100,000 speakers of all dialects inclusive in north-central US and Canada. Ojibwe tends to avoid borrowing terms from other languages.

28 Namebine Giizis “Suckerfish Moon” 2020  ▭

Ojibwe (Chippewa) [Western]: Ojibwe (Chippewa) [Western] ✧ OJW ✧ The other major dialect of Ojibwe

28 Zaagibagaa Giizis “Budding Moon” 2020

Oneida: Oneida ✧ ONE ✧ Iroquoian family, approx. 250 native speakers in Ontario, New York State, and Green Bay, Wisconsin. Consonant inventory is relatively spare: K, L, N, S, T, H, W, Y and a glottal stop.

28 Latiyʌ́thos “They plant.” 2020  ▭

Onondaga: Onondaga ✧ ONO ✧ Iroquoian family, approx. 50 speakers in Ontario and New York State. Like Oneida (q.v.) and other Iroquoian languages its consonant inventory is small, but its five vowels can be long or short as well as nasal or non-nasal.

28 ganerattogona 2020

O’odham (Papago-Pima): O’odham (Papago-Pima) ✧ OOD ✧ From the Uto-Aztecan family, spoken by some 10,000 in south-central Arizona and Northern Sonora. No f, r or z sounds; extremely fluid word order.

28 ’u’us wihogdag maşad “Mesquite bean gathering month” 2020

Oroch: Oroch ✧ OAC ✧ Northern Tongusic language, eight (as of 2010) native speakers in Khabarovsk Krai in eastern Siberia and thus critically endangered, three dialects. Not to be confused with the Southern Tungusic language called Orok.

28 беэ онко [bjey onko] 2020

Oromo: Oromo ✧ ORM ✧ Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic. Non-Roman scripts were once banned. Oromo’s modern Roman standard, called Qubee, was formalized in 1991.

28 caamsa 2020

Ös (Chulym): Ös (Chulym) ✧ CLW ✧ Western Turkic, moribund, spoken by a few dozen in southwestern Siberia north of the Altay Mountains. Soviet-era school children were punished when caught speaking Ös.

28 koi ai 2020  ▭

Osage: Osage ✧ OSA ✧ This Oklahoma-based Siouan language went natively extinct in 2005 with the death of its last speaker, Lucille Roubedeaux. Like European languages such as Dalecarlian (q.v.), Polish, and Lithuanian, Osage features nasalized vowels.

28 mį́įǫpa wesáhtą 2020

Ossetian [Digor]: Ossetian [Digor] ✧ OSS ✧ Indo-European, Indo-Iranian. Ossetian is spoken by around 600,000 in Ossetia, a semi-autonomous region divided into North — Alania (in Russia) and South (in Georgia). This is the less popular of its two dialects, spoken by about 100,000.

28 nikkola 2020

Ossetian [Iron]: Ossetian [Iron] ✧ OSS ✧ Indo-European, Indo-Iranian. Pronounced ee-ron, this is the more popular Ossetian dialect, with slightly under half a million speakers. Digorians can understand Iron fairly well while Iron speakers don’t understand Digor.

28 зæрдæвæрæны мæй [zærdæværæni mæy] 2020  ▭

Ozolotepec: Ozolotepec ✧ ZAO ✧ Oto-Manguean family, Zapotecan group, spoken by 6500 in Oaxaca, Mexico. Zapotecan languages like Ozolotepec are tonal.

28 may 2020

⌅

Pacoh: Pacoh ✧ PAC ✧ Austroasiatic, Eastern Mon-Khmer, Katuic, 32,000 speakers in Laos and Vietnam. Six vowels which can be short or long, and use either normal or creaky voicing. Heavy Vietnamese influence.

28 kixay xôg 2020

Paicî: Paicî ✧ PRI ✧ Malayo-Polynesian, Southern Oceanic, Northern New Caledonian, 7300 speakers on New Caledonia’s east coast and inland valleys. Paicî’s consonant inventory is spare but it has many nasal vowels. It’s also tri-tonal.

28 ija nâgöri 2020

Palauan: Palauan ✧ PAU ✧ Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, approx. 15,000 speakers. Palau, Guam, Mariana Islands.

28 ongeim el buil 2020  ▭

Palawano [Brook’s Point]: Palawano [Brook’s Point] ✧ PLW ✧ Malayo-Polynesian, Greater Central Philippine. Of three dialects, this one is spoken by 25,000 on Palawan Island, Philippines. Amazingly, its 26-letter alphabet is identical to the English one.

28 mayu 2020

Palor (Sili-Sili): Palor (Sili-Sili) ✧ FAP ✧ Niger-Congo family, Cangin, 11,000 speakers in the Thies area of Senegal.

28 mee 2020

Pame (Xi’iui): Pame (Xi’iui) ✧ PBS ✧ From the Oto-Manguean family, tonal, spoken by 11,000 in central Mexico’s state of San Luis Potosí. Pame speakers traditionally count in base 8 (octal), as they use their knuckles rather than their fingers.

28 ngum’au ngumajau kurús 2020

Pashto [Northern/Eastern]: Pashto [Northern/Eastern] ✧ PUS ✧ Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, spoken by the Pashtuns of northeast Pakistan

28 dreyema chor 2020  ▭

Pashto [Southern/Western]: Pashto [Southern/Western] ✧ PUS ✧ Pashto dialect spoken in western Afghanistan and Iran

28 dreyema khor 2020

Pawnee [South Band]: Pawnee [South Band] ✧ PAW ✧ Caddoan family, north-central Oklahoma, seriously endangered, fewer than a dozen native speakers. Along with Arikara (q.v.), we hear Pawnee spoken in the 2015 film The Revenant.

28 Paaraáraruks (source: Dorsey) -or- Paahihwaákaruks (source: Dunbar) 2020

Pecheneg: Pecheneg ✧ XPC ✧ A mysterious, poorly attested Turkic language with no known descendants, spoken on Crimea and large expanses beyond the northern shore of the Black Sea, extinct by 1300

28 behti 2020

Pemon (Arekuna): Pemon (Arekuna) ✧ AOC ✧ From the Cariban family, spoken by 30,000 in SE Venezuela, Brazil’s Roraima State, and Guyana. It was preliterate until the 20th century.

28 De tamanka kapüyi “Month of first rains” 2020

Penan-Nibong: Penan-Nibong ✧ PEZ ✧ Malayo-Polynesian, North Sarawakan, spoken by 13,000 in Sarawak, Borneo. Two main dialects.

28 laseh lemah 2020

Pennsylvania “Dutch” (Deitsch): Pennsylvania “Dutch” (Deitsch) ✧ PDC ✧ A Palatinate German spoken by the Amish, a sect of Swiss German Anabaptists dating back to 1693.

28 Moi 2020  ▭

Penrhyn (Tongarevan): Penrhyn (Tongarevan) ✧ PNH ✧ Seriously endangered Polynesian language spoken by around 200, Northern Cook Islands

28 mē 2020

Picard (Ch’ti or “Patois”): Picard (Ch’ti or “Patois”) ✧ PCD ✧ Indo-European, Romance, Langue d’oïl, extreme northern France. As its 700,000 speakers are mostly elderly, UNESCO has declared it seriously endangered.

28 mé 2020  ▭

Picard [Medieval]: Picard [Medieval] ✧ PCD ✧ As seen on the Astrolabe of Berselius (14th century)

XXVIII may MMXX

Piedmontese: Piedmontese ✧ PMS ✧ Indo-European, Romance; 3 million speakers in Northern Italy. Curiously, Piedmontese lacks ordinal numbers exceeding “sixth” and instead resorts to phrases (“the one that makes seven,” etc.) to express ordinals beyond that.

28 maj 2020  ▭

Pingelapese: Pingelapese ✧ PIF ✧ Malayo-Polynesian language spoken by < 1000. Micronesia, Pingelap atoll. Like Batak above, each day in the month has its own name, shown here in angle quotes. Another quirk: 1 in 10 Pingelapese are so colorblind they see only in black and white.

28 《semwenpal》 palekewar 2020

Pipil (Nawat): Pipil (Nawat) ✧ PPL ✧ Uto-Aztecan language under revival, El Salvador. There are now over 3000 speakers.

28 metzi makwil 2020

Piro [Yine]: Piro [Yine] ✧ PIB ✧ Arawakan family, spoken by the 4000 ethnic Yine who live in the Peruvian Urubamba River Valley and taught in their schools alongside Spanish.

28 mayo ksuru 2020

Pitcairn-Norfolk: Pitcairn-Norfolk ✧ PIH ✧ An endangered Tahitian /English creole spoken on Pitcairn & Norfolk Islands

28 mieh 2020

Pnar (Jaintia or Synteng): Pnar (Jaintia or Synteng) ✧ PBV ✧ Austroasiatic language, 320,000 speakers, Meghalaya, northeast India and adjacent areas in Bangladesh. Shares much in common with Khasi (q.v.) though the two are not mutually inteligible.

28 naj san 2020  ▭

Pohnpeian: Pohnpeian ✧ PON ✧ Malayo-Polynesian, Micronesian, 34,000 speakers on Pohnpei Island in the Caroline Islands. Offers 30 sets of 1-to-9 numerals used when referring to different classes of objects (stalks, small round things, bundles, gusts of wind, songs, etc.).

28 epeng -or- mei 2020

Poitevin-Saintongeais: Poitevin-Saintongeais ✧ ??? ✧ Indo-European, Romance, Langue d’oïl with Langue d’òc elements, spoken in Poitu /Vendée. Earliest known writings date from the fifteenth century poetry of François Villon. Vendée native Georges Clemenceau likely spoke or at least knew it.

28 mae 2020

Pökut (Pokot): Pökut (Pokot) ✧ KLN ✧ Nilo-Saharan family, Kalenjin. 264,000 speakers in Kenya’s West Pokot and Baringo counties and in Uganda’s Karamoja sub-region. Two dialects, East and West.

28 Porowo 2020

Polabian: Polabian ✧ POX ✧ West Slavic with Germanic influences. Last native speaker Emerentz Schultze died in 1756. The protagonists in the Russian opera-ballet Mlada describe themselves as Polabians. The name Berlin likely derives from a Polabian term for “swamp.”

28 laistë môn -or- leisten mon 2020

Pomeranian [Kashubian]: Pomeranian [Kashubian] ✧ CSB ✧ Indo-European, West Slavic, Lechtic. Some 100,000 speakers living in Germany, Poland, and within a community in Renfrew County, Ontario.

28 môj 2020  ▭

Pomeranian [Slovincian]: Pomeranian [Slovincian] ✧ CSB ✧ The other major dialect of Pomeranian, extinct since World War I. One source cited its last speaker as having died in 1913. A definitive Slovincian grammar and dictionary was published by German historian Friedrich Lorentz (1870-1937).

28 mãjʉ 2020

Pontic: Pontic ✧ PNT ✧ Indo-European, Hellenic. Spoken actively by 200,000 in Northern Greece, Turkey, and diaspora communities worldwide. Many consider Pontic a Greek dialect, but orally the two are not mutually intelligible.

28 Καλομηνάς [Kalominas] 2020

Potawatomi: Potawatomi ✧ POT ✧ Algonquian language of the Great Lakes Area (Michigan, Wisconsin, Southern Ontario). One of its last native speakers, Cecilia Miksekwe Jackson (d. 2011), worked to document and teach Potawatomi. Revival efforts are currently underway.

28 déʼmen-gizes “Planting month” 2020

Proto-Germanic: Proto-Germanic ✧ ??? ✧ Reconstructed ancestor of all Germanic languages, last spoken ca. 250 BCE. The character þ is a thorn, representing the English th (IPA θ) sound. Aside from English, Icelandic, and a couple of others, most modern Germanic languages have lost it.

XXVIII waiþimenoþ “Hunting month” MMXX  ▭

Proto-Slavic: Proto-Slavic ✧ ??? ✧ Reconstructed ancestor of all Slavic languages, 5th to 8th centuries CE

XXVIII travn MMXX  ▭

Pukapukan: Pukapukan ✧ PKP ✧ Malayo-Polynesian language from Danger Island (Cook Islands group). Over 4000 speakers.

28 Mē 2020

Pumi [Qingua or Southern]: Pumi [Qingua or Southern] ✧ PMJ ✧ Sino-Tibetan, Qiangic. Spoken by 22,000 highland ethnic Pumi in Yunnan.

28 qa⁵⁵sgiɯ⁵⁵ʒi¹³ 2020

Pumi [Taoba or Northern]: Pumi [Taoba or Northern] ✧ PMI ✧ The other chief dialect of Pumi, spoken by 55,000. Northern and Southern Pumi are not mutually intelligible.

28 ŋuɐ⁵⁵li⁵⁵mei³⁵ 2020

Purépecha (Tarascan): Purépecha (Tarascan) ✧ TSZ ✧ A language isolate of the descendants of the Purépecha civilization, which rivaled that of the Aztecs up until the European conquest. Still spoken natively by 125,000 in the southwestern Mexican state of Michoacán.

28 maio 2020

Puroik (Sulung): Puroik (Sulung) ✧ SUV ✧ So far unclassified. Spoken by 20,000 in seven (or so) dialects by the Puroik people of India’s Arunachal Pradesh. Genderless, seven noun cases.

28 te³³ lo³³ aŋ³³ bo³³ 2020

⌅

Q’eqchi’ (Kekchi): Q’eqchi’ (Kekchi) ✧ KEK ✧ Mayan family, half a million speakers in Guatemala and Belize. Q’eqchi’ uses ejectives and accents virtually all its words on the last syllable.

28 maay -or- ro’po 2020  ▭

Qiang [Horpa/Ergong]: Qiang [Horpa/Ergong] ✧ ERO ✧ Sino-Tibetan family, Qiangic, non-tonal, 50,000 Sichuan-area speakers. Linguists consider it a “living fossil.”

28 ɦɛ lŋa pa 2020

Qiang [Northern, Central Heishui, Máwō]: Qiang [Northern, Central Heishui, Máwō] ✧ CNG ✧ Sino-Tibetan, Qiangic, non-tonal, 130,000 speakers in China’s Sichuan

28 ʁuaʂ 2020  ▭

Qiang [Southern, Taoping]: Qiang [Southern, Taoping] ✧ QXS ✧ Sino-Tibetan, Qiangic, but tonal (unlike Ergong and Máwō above), 80,000 speakers

28 ʁua²⁴¹ʂɔo³³ 2020

Qiang [Southern, Western Lixian]: Qiang [Southern, Western Lixian] ✧ QXS ✧ Sino-Tibetan, Qiangic, tonal, native to Li County, Sichuan. Western Lixian’s four subdialects are Puxi, Xuecheng, Muka, and Jiuzi.

28 ʁuɑχl 2020

Quechan (Yuma): Quechan (Yuma) ✧ YUM ✧ Yuman family, around 300 native speakers in southeast California and western Arizona. Verbs carry most of the meaning in a sentence. Not to be confused with the entirely unrelated Quechuan languages directly below.

28 xaly'á saaráp 2020

Quechua [Standard]: Quechua [Standard] ✧ QUE ✧ Quechuan family, spoken by Inca Empire descendants. Natively it lacks the vowels E and O.

28 ñiqin aymuray killapi 2020  ▭

Quechua [Huallaga]: Quechua [Huallaga] ✧ QUE ✧ Quechua dialect spoken in the Huánuco Province in Peru

28 mäyu 2020

Quechua [Northern/Ecuadorian]: Quechua [Northern/Ecuadorian] ✧ QUE ✧ Quechua dialect, called Kitchwa, spoken in Ecuador, Colombia, and Peru

28 aymuray 2020  ▭

Quechua [Southern/Bolivian Cochabamba]: Quechua [Southern/Bolivian Cochabamba] ✧ QUH ✧ Of Southern Bolivian Quechua as a whole there are 1.6 million speakers in Bolivia (where it’s the most heavily spoken indigenous language), Argentina, and Chile. This is its Cochabamba dialect.

28 aymuray killa -or- phishqa ñeqen killa 2020

Quechua [Southern/Cusco]: Quechua [Southern/Cusco] ✧ QUZ ✧ Modern terminology for the Quechua dialect spoken in the Peru’s Cusco region

28 aymuray 2020  ▭

Quechua [Southern/Cusco Imperial]: Quechua [Southern/Cusco Imperial] ✧ QUZ ✧ This is the traditional terminology of the Inca Empire, citing its monthly celebrations

28 aimuar “Song of the harvest” 2020

Quileute (Quillayute): Quileute (Quillayute) ✧ QUI ✧ Chimkakuan family, extinct but undergoing revival at the Quileute Tribal School in La Push, Washington. Quirk: it prefixes words according to the physical traits of the person being spoken to — cross-eyed, hunchbacked, short, lame, etc.

28 bixaliḳtiyat 2020  ▭

⌅

Rade: Rade ✧ RAD ✧ Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Chamic, Highlands, akin to Cham (q.v.), spoken by 180,000 E-de people in southern Vietnam and in refugee communities in the US.

28 mlan êma 2020

Raivavaen: Raivavaen ✧ ??? ✧ A presumably extinct Malayo-Polynesian language native to the island of Raivavae in French Polynesia. The source: a dictionary completed in 1938 by ethnologist Frank Stimson but never published.

28 paroro muri 2020

Rangi (Langi): Rangi (Langi) ✧ LAG ✧ Niger-Congo family, Bantu, with between 270,000 and 410,000 speakers in central Tanzania. Its nouns divide into 19 classes encompassing a range from ethnicities and professions, to trees and other natural phenomena, to things that are long.

28 Kwiinyambála 2020

Rapa Nui (Pascuanese): Rapa Nui (Pascuanese) ✧ RAP ✧ Eastern Polynesian, Easter Island, 2700 native speakers. Major differences from other EP languages. Its native writing system, called Rongorongo, remains undeciphered.

28 vai tu’u potu 2020  ▭

Rawang (Krangku): Rawang (Krangku) ✧ RAW ✧ Sino-Tibetan family, Tibeto-Burman, Nungish, 63,000 speakers in India and Northern Myanmar. Roman alphabet writing system developed by American missionary Robert Morse starting in 1950.

28 pvngwà shvlá 2020

Reel (Atuot): Reel (Atuot) ✧ ATU ✧ Presumably Nilo-Saharan, related to Nuer (q.v.), spoken by some 50,000 Atuot people living near Yirol in South Sudan’s Eastern Lakes State.

28 Akɔ̈ïtɔtɔ 2020

Rennell-Bellona (Rennellese): Rennell-Bellona (Rennellese) ✧ MNV ✧ Malayo-Polynesian, 4000 speakers, Solomon Islands' Rennell and Bellona provinces. For most people who live there it’s their first language. No ng (ŋ) sound; doubled vowels sound out as separate syllables.

28 Mee 2020

rGyalrong [Northwestern] (Sidaba): rGyalrong [Northwestern] (Sidaba) ✧ JYA ✧ rGyalrong is a group of Sino-Tibetan languages; Sidaba, one of its five major dialects. Verbs are marked with directional orientation cues. Sichuan.

28 sla wa rŋɐ pɐ 2020

Rohingya: Rohingya ✧ RHG ✧ Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Bengali-Assamese. Six noun cases. Heavily persecuted, the Rohingya are toughing it out in Burma and in refugee camps in Bangladesh.

28 cón 2020  ▭

Romani [Balkan Sofia Erli]: Romani [Balkan Sofia Erli] ✧ RMN ✧ Indo-Aryan language spoken by Romani in Bulgaria. There are around 760,000 Balkan Romani speakers as a whole, of which Sofia Erli is a subdivision.

28 majo 2020

Romani [Balkan Ursari]: Romani [Balkan Ursari] ✧ RMN ✧ A Balkan Romani spoken in Moldavia and Romania

28 majos 2020  ▭

Romani [Kale Finnish]: Romani [Kale Finnish] ✧ RMF ✧ Indo-Aryan language, by way of Scotland, spoken by the Finnish Romani

28 džondribosko čoon 2020

Romani [Kale Iberian] (Caló): Romani [Kale Iberian] (Caló) ✧ RMQ ✧ Indo-Aryan language spoken by Iberian Peninsula Romani. The characters singing the famous “Anvil Chorus” in Verdi’s opera Il trovatori would have likely represented Caló.

28 quindalé* 2020

Romani [Kale Welsh]: Romani [Kale Welsh] ✧ RMW ✧ Romani variety spoken in Wales until at least 1950, introduced during the 15th century. Its purported last native speaker was Manfri Frederick Wood (d. 1968).

28 bakičengero -or- bakičengo munþos 2020

Romani [Vlax]: Romani [Vlax] ✧ RMY ✧ Today’s most widely spoken Romani, originally the language of the Romani enslaved in the territory of Romania. Vlax has some 14 subdialects including Kalderash and Lovari.

28 panjtonai 2020

Romanian [Meglenitic] (Megleno-Romanian): Romanian [Meglenitic] (Megleno-Romanian) ✧ RUQ ✧ Eastern Romance, native to Greece, Macedonia, Romania, and Turkey. Some consider Meglenitic a separate language, others a dialect of either Romanian or Aromanian (q.v.). Only 5000 speakers, endangered.

28 mai  ̭ 2020

Romanian [Old Church/Traditional]: Romanian [Old Church/Traditional] ✧ RON ✧ Indo-European, Romance. Pre-20th century.

28 florar “Flower” 2020

Romansh [Grischun]: Romansh [Grischun] ✧ ROH ✧ Indo-European, Rhaeto-Romance. Romansh comes in seven chief dialects. Not included among those is Grischun, a controversial “pan-regional” Romansh standard introduced in 1982.

28 matg 2020  ▭

Romansh [Putèr]: Romansh [Putèr] ✧ ROH ✧ Romansh dialect spoken in the Engadine Valley, Switzerland. The term Putèr likely derives from a term describing its speakers as “porridge eaters.”

28 meg 2020

Rombo (Kirombo): Rombo (Kirombo) ✧ ROF ✧ Niger-Congo, Northeast Bantu, Chaga, spoken in Tanzania’s Kilimanaro Region. Four dialects: Keni, Mashati, Mkuu, and Usseri.

28 Mweri wa tanu 2020

Rongga: Rongga ✧ ROR ✧ Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, spoken in East Nuse Tenggara Province in central Flores, Indonesia. Not to be confused with Ronga, a Bantu language. Unlike English, Rongga’s first person plural offers both inclusive and exclusive forms.

28 angimanu 2020

Rongmei Naga: Rongmei Naga ✧ NBU ✧ Sino-Tibetan, Kuki-Chin Naga (?), Zeme. About 94,000 Rongmei live in Assam, Manipur and Nagaland in Northeast India. Six tones.

28 maliangbw 2020  ▭

Rotokas: Rotokas ✧ ROO ✧ North Bougainville family, spoken by approx. 4000 in Papua New Guinea. Famous for its tiny sound inventory, its entire alphabet consists of A, E, G, I, K, O, P, R, S, T, U, and V. There are no nasal sounds like m, n, or ng.

28 vo vavaepa kekira 2020

Russian [Ninilchik]: Russian [Ninilchik] ✧ ??? ✧ Endangered but still spoken by descendants of 19th century Russian American Company workers in Ninilchik, Alaska. Sufficiently diverged from Russian that linguists consider it a separate language.

28 May 2020  ▭

Russian [Premodern]: Russian [Premodern] ✧ RUS ✧ This was Russian before it adopted neo-Latin (more accurately, Byzantine Greek) month conventions. For several centuries starting in the 1100s, both nomenclatures coexisted.

28 травник [travnik] “Grass” -or- ярец [yarets] (Refers to Yarilo, god of springtime) 2020

Rusyn (Ruthene or Ruthenian): Rusyn (Ruthene or Ruthenian) ✧ RUE ✧ East Slavic, approx. 60,000 current speakers. Unlike Russian it loses the letter Э but then adds Ґ, Є, І, and Ї and (at least at one time) Ѣ. Lemko is a Rusyn dialect. Andy Warhol and Sandra Dee were of Rusyn extraction.

28 май [mai] 2020  ▭

Rwanda-Rundi [Kinyarwanda]: Rwanda-Rundi [Kinyarwanda] ✧ KIN ✧ Niger-Congo, Bantu. Tonal, official in Rwanda. Of the 20 million speakers for Rwanda-Rundi in total, 9.8 million speak this Kinyarwanda dialect.

28 Ukwa gatanu -or- Gicurasi 2020

Rwanda-Rundi [Kirundi]: Rwanda-Rundi [Kirundi] ✧ RUN ✧ The other chief dialect of Rwanda-Rundi, spoken in Burundi by 8.8 million

28 ukwēzi kwa gatanu -or- Rusama -or- Uru-shāna 2020

⌅

Sa‘a (South Malaita or Apae‘aa): Sa‘a (South Malaita or Apae‘aa) ✧ APB ✧ Malayo-Polynesian, SE Solomonic, spoken by 12,000 in South Malaita, Solomon Islands.

28 lo‘a madala “Morning star” 2020

Sabaean (Sabaic or Himyarite): Sabaean (Sabaic or Himyarite) ✧ XSA ✧ Afro-Asiatic, putative language of the Queen of Sheba/Saba, spoken in Yemen between ca. 1000 BCE and 600 CE. You’re seeing it in its Ancient South Arabian script, reading right-to-left and displaying no vowels.

  [ḏmbkrn]   ▭

Sabaean, Contemporaneously Arabicised: Sabaean, Contemporaneously Arabicised ✧ XSA ✧ Like Hebrew script, the Arabic hints at vowels but doesn’t show them explicitly. Here some ā (as in cat) and u sounds can be inferred, but little beyond that in this particular case. The “ʔ” in the transliteration signals a glottal stop.

٢٨ ذو المبكر [ḏūʔlmbkr] ٢٠٢٠

Saho: Saho ✧ SSY ✧ Afro-Asiatic, Cushitic, Lowland East, 220,000 native speakers in Eritrea and in Tigray in Ethopia. Closely akin to Afar (q.v.).

28 gimbot 2020

Sakizaya: Sakizaya ✧ SZY ✧ Austronesian, East Formosan, Ami, an indigenous language spoken by around 900 on Taiwan (Keelung, Taoyuan City, New Taipei, Hualien). Closely related to Amis (q.v.).

28 lima bulad 2020

Salish, Coastal [Island Halkomelem]: Salish, Coastal [Island Halkomelem] ✧ HUR ✧ A language from the Salishan family spoken by approx. 200 on the east coast of Vancouver Island

28 punxwémun -or- tum̓pé:nxw “Camassia flower” 2020

Salish, Coastal [Klallam]: Salish, Coastal [Klallam] ✧ CLM ✧ Salishan family, heard in the Pacific Northwest on the northern shore of the Olympic Peninsula. Natively extinct with the death of Hazel Sampson in 2014, though being taught in high school.

28 sx̣ʷeʔnəɬ -or- čən̕líluʔ 2020

Salish, Coastal [North Straits]: Salish, Coastal [North Straits] ✧ STR ✧ Salishan family, Vancouver area. Six sub-dialects, nearly extinct.

28 čən̕líluʔ 2020

Salish, Coastal [North Straits Saanich]: Salish, Coastal [North Straits Saanich] ✧ STR ✧ Dialect of North Straits Salish, five native speakers reported. Saanich uses no rounded vowels (o, oo, ow, etc.) except in foreign loans.

28 sx̣ʷén̕əɬ 2020  ▭

Salish, Coastal [Puget Sound] (Lushootseed): Salish, Coastal [Puget Sound] (Lushootseed) ✧ LUT ✧ Another Salishan language, spoken by fewer than 100. The word geoduck (elephant clam) derives from Puget Sound Salish.

28 pədč^̓aʔəb 2020  ▭

Salish, Coastal [Sechelt] (Shashishalhem): Salish, Coastal [Sechelt] (Shashishalhem) ✧ SEC ✧ This Salishan family language is native to the Sechelt Peninsula area of British Columbia. Fewer than a dozen native speakers remain, all elderly.

28 temsasxwilnach shalshal 2020

Salish, Coastal [Squamish]: Salish, Coastal [Squamish] ✧ SQU ✧ Salishan, native to Squamish, North Vancouver, and West Vancouver in British Columbia. Half a dozen native speakers remain; the language is taught at Capilano University.

28 tem yetwán 2020

Salish, Interior [Colville-Okanagan] (Syilx): Salish, Interior [Colville-Okanagan] (Syilx) ✧ OKA ✧ Southern British Columbia and Northern Washington State. Considered moribund, Syilx is spoken natively by approx. 600 of whom only a quarter are “deeply fluent” and mostly over 50.

28 sp̓iƛ̓mtn 2020

Salish, Interior [Kalispel–Spokane–Flathead]: Salish, Interior [Kalispel–Spokane–Flathead] ✧ FLA/SPO ✧ Also called Montana Salish, spoken by approx. 100 elders in the central Montana’s Flathead Nation and in the Kalispel and Spokane Reservations in Washington. Critically endangered.

28 sp̓éƛ̕m spq̓niʔ 2020  ▭

Salish, Interior [Lillooet]: Salish, Interior [Lillooet] ✧ LIL ✧ Endangered Salishan language (perhaps 200 elderly speakers) native to Canada’s British Columbia and Fraser and Lillooet Rivers.

28 ʔi ̬s.q̓ʷl-áp ̬a “Strawberries ripening” 2020

Salish, Interior [Shuswap]: Salish, Interior [Shuswap] ✧ SHS ✧ The northernmost Interior Salishan language, spoken natively by around 200 in central and southern British Columbia. Stress is predictable: the vowels U and I are always stressed.

28 Pell7é7llqten “Digging month” 2020

Sami [Inari]: Sami [Inari] ✧ SMN ✧ Finno-Ugric, 300 speakers, seriously endangered. The term “Lapp” for the Sami language group is considered derogatory and no longer used. Like Finnish, Sami dialects are agglutinative.

28 vyesimáánu 2020  ▭

Sami [Kildin]: Sami [Kildin] ✧ SJD ✧ A Sami spoken by approx. 600 in the Lovozero area of the Kola Peninsula

28 кыдтманну [kɨdtmannu] 2020

Sami [Lule]: Sami [Lule] ✧ SMJ ✧ Spoken by between 1000 and 2000 around the Lule River in Sweden and in Norway’s Nordland County.

28 moarmesmánno 2020  ▭

Sami [Northern]: Sami [Northern] ✧ SME ✧ The most widely spoken Sami, approx. 20,000 speakers

28 miessemánu “Reindeer calf month” 2020  ▭

Sami [Skolt]: Sami [Skolt] ✧ SMS ✧ Seriously endangered, 400 speakers mostly around Sevettijärvi, Finland. Oldest writings date from 1884.

28 vue’ssmannu 2020  ▭

Sami [Southern]: Sami [Southern] ✧ SMA ✧ Seriously endangered, 500 speakers in Norway’s Snåsa and Hattfjelldal districts

28 suehpeden 2020  ▭

Samlandish (Old Baltic Prussian): Samlandish (Old Baltic Prussian) ✧ PRG ✧ Indo-European, Balto-Slavic (as opposed to Germanic, the other, entirely unrelated “Prussian”). Extinct by 1800, largely owing to plague epidemics and famines during the period 1709-1711.

28 zallawas 2020  ▭

Samoan [Traditional]: Samoan [Traditional] ✧ SMO ✧ Malayo-Polynesian, Oceanic, about 500,000 speakers in the Samoan Islands and expat communities elsewhere. Elements of speech often differ with register, viz., informal, formal, and ceremonial.

28 Ta’afanua-tele 2020

Samogitian: Samogitian ✧ SGS ✧ Indo-European, Baltic, spoken in western Lithuania. A Lithuanian dialect to some, a separate language to others. Akin to Curonian and Latgalian (qq.v.).

28 gegožė “Cuckoos” 2020

Sango: Sango ✧ SAG ✧ Ubangian-derived creole, three tones, central Africa, 450,000 native speakers. Along with French, Sango is an official language of the Central African Republic.

28 belâawü 2020

Sangu {Tanzania}: Sangu {Tanzania} ✧ SBP ✧ Niger-Congo family, Northeast Bantu, Bena-Kinga, 75,000 speakers in Tanzania’s Mbeya Region. Not to be confused with Sango (above) or the Sangu language of Gabon.

28 Mushende Magali 2020

Sanskrit: Sanskrit ✧ SAN ✧ One of the oldest attested Indo-European languages. Modern representatives of its sub-branch include Hindi, Bengali, Nepali, and approximately 220 others, collectively spoken by 800-900 million.

२८ पंचममास [paṁcamamāsa] २०२०  ▭

Santali: Santali ✧ SAT ✧ Austroasiatic, Munda, spoken by 7.6 million in Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, and Nepal. Agglutinative, uses Ol Chiki alphabet devised in the early 20th century. Sound inventory lacks both labiodentals (the f and v sounds) and z.

[me]

Saramaccan: Saramaccan ✧ SRM ✧ Portuguese/English/Dutch creole with African traits. Suriname, 90,000 speakers.

28 sébítáá líba “Leech month” 2020

Sardinian [Campidanese]: Sardinian [Campidanese] ✧ SRD or SRO ✧ 500,000 speakers in Sardinia in the Cagliari metro area and elsewhere in Oristano, South Sardinia, and Nuoro. Proposed as a co-standard along with Logudorese (q.v.).

28 mau 2020

Sardinian [Gallurese]: Sardinian [Gallurese] ✧ SDN ✧ 100,000 speakers, Sardinia’s Gallura region and elsewhere in the Northeast. It has more noticeable Spanish and Catalan influences. Many consider Gallurese a dialect of Corsican (q.v.).

28 magghju 2020  ▭

Sardinian [Logudorese]: Sardinian [Logudorese] ✧ SRD or SRC ✧ 500,000 speakers. Central-southern Sardinian Province of Sassari, northern parts of the Provinces of Nuoro and Oristano. Proposed as a co-standard along with Campidanese (q.v.).

28 maju -or- mese de sos burriccos 2020

Sardinian [Logudorese Nuorese]: Sardinian [Logudorese Nuorese] ✧ SRD or SRC ✧ Subdialect with features found nowhere else on Sardinia including some th (IPA symbol θ) sounds and the simplification of ny (ɲ) and ly (ʎ) sounds into n and l (e.g., Sardinna instead of Sardegna).

28 maju 2020

Sardinian [Sassarese]: Sardinian [Sassarese] ✧ SDC ✧ 100,000 speakers tending toward the north of the island. Heavy Corsican (q.v.) influences.

28 màggiu -or- màiu 2020

Satawalese: Satawalese ✧ STW ✧ Malayo-Polynesian, Micronesian, Trukic, spoken by 500 on Satawal, Yap, and other islands and atolls of the Federated States of Micronesia. Features loans from other Micronesian languages such as Woleaian (q.v.) and Ulithian as well as English, Japanese, Spanish.

28 Naa 2020

Saxwe (Tsáphɛ): Saxwe (Tsáphɛ) ✧ SXW ✧ Niger-Congo family, Gbe group, tonal, spoken by 170,000 in Benin. Most speakers understand some Fon (q.v.) and another Gbe language, Gen.

28 Azɔsun 2020

Secoya (Pai Coca): Secoya (Pai Coca) ✧ SEY ✧ Tucanoan family, spoken by 1200 in Peru and Ecuador along the Putumayo and Vaupés Rivers. Nouns can be animate, inanimate, personal, or supernatural/spiritual. Secoya culture and language are under serious threat from the petroleum industry.

28 wiy'apei 2020

Sedang: Sedang ✧ SED ✧ Austroasiatic language native to Laos & Vietnam, 100,000 speakers. Famously huge vowel inventory of 24 pure vowels and a similar number of dipthongs. Each can be plain (o), nasal (õ), or creaky (o̰); some, simultaneously nasal and creaky (õ̰).

28 khế pơtám 2020  ▭

Seediq [Truku/Taroko]: Seediq [Truku/Taroko] ✧ TRV ✧ Formosan, Atayalic. Indigenous language from Northern Taiwan with 20,000 speakers.

28 rima idas 2020

Sekani [Fraser Lake]: Sekani [Fraser Lake] ✧ SEK ✧ Athabaskan language spoken by a few dozen in British Columbia. Bitonal. The name Sekani comes from Tse’Khene meaning “people of the rock.”

28 Dugoos Ooza 2020

Sekani [McLeod Lake]: Sekani [McLeod Lake] ✧ SEK ✧ Another Sekani variant

28 Ut'o inza 2020

Selkup: Selkup ✧ SEL ✧ Uralic, Samoyedic. Yamalo-Nenets region in Siberia, 1500 speakers. Distinguishes between long and short vowels.

28 каpбан куо1и иррет [kapban kuo1i irret] “Fish production month” 2020  ▭

Serbian [Orthodox]: Serbian [Orthodox] ✧ SRP ✧ Serbian Orthodox Church tradition

28 царски [tsarsky] 2020

Serbian [Premodern/Folk]: Serbian [Premodern/Folk] ✧ SRP ✧ Serbian folk tradition, pre-19th century

28 цветањ [cvetanj] 2020  ▭

Seri: Seri ✧ SEI ✧ Indigenous language isolate spoken by < 1000 in Mexico. Uses nine definite articles that depend on the relative movement of the object.

28 iquéetmoj iizax 2020

Seychellois Creole (Seselwa): Seychellois Creole (Seselwa) ✧ CRS ✧ French-based creole of the Seychelles, around 70,000 speakers. In some French-derived nouns, the definite article has merged with the word.

28 me 2020

Shan: Shan ✧ SHN ✧ Kra-Dai language, tonal. Spoken in Burma, Thailand, and China. It has a trill [IPA r] but uses it only rarely, mostly for loans. Many speakers can’t make it and substitute an l sound.

[lunbet]   ▭

Shawiya Berber (Tachawit): Shawiya Berber (Tachawit) ✧ SHY ✧ Afro-Asiatic, Berber, spoken among eastern Algeria’s Awras Mountains. Formerly preliterate, now expressed in Roman, Arabic, and Tifanagh script. Alternates shown, different versions or differing spellings.

28 mayo -or- mayu 2020

Shawnee: Shawnee ✧ SJW ✧ An Algonquian language with fewer than 200 speakers in Oklahoma, originally native to Tennessee’s Cumberland River area. Stress is oxytonic (i.e., on the final syllable), a feature commonly stereotyped in old western movies.

28 Hotehimini kiishthwa “Strawberry Moon” 2020  ▭

Sheko: Sheko ✧ SHE ✧ Afro-Asiatic, Omotic, Dizoid, spoken natively between the towns of Tepi and Mizan Teferi in western Ethiopia by 39,000. Distinctive is its reliance on consonants pronounced retroflex — i.e., with the tongue curled backwards.

28 kʼoy ʔyatsʼn 2020  ▭

Sherpa: Sherpa ✧ XSR ✧ Sino-Tibetan, Bodic, Tibetic. Spoken by 150,000 in Nepal, Tibet, and Kashmir. Tonal.

28 dāwā ṅawā 2020  ▭

Shilluk [Cøllø]: Shilluk [Cøllø] ✧ SHK ✧ Possibly Nilo-Saharan, Northern Luo, spoken by 175,000 Shilluk people in Sudan and South Sudan. Three tones (low, mid, high) and four contours for them (rising, falling, high falling, “late” falling), all shown with various accent marks.

28 Aköldïd 2020

Shinasha (Borna or Boro): Shinasha (Borna or Boro) ✧ BWO ✧ Afro-Asiatic, either North or South Omotic (depending on whose paper you take to heart) dialect cluster with 37,500 speakers in Ethiopia.

28 frshos’i 2020

Shixing: Shixing ✧ SXG ✧ A scantily documented Sino-Tibetan language of the Sichuan and the Tibet Autonomous Regions. Spoken by fewer than 2000, two thirds of whom are quite inconveniently monolingual in Shixing.

28 ɦɑ̃⁵⁵ɬɯ⁵⁵ 2020

Shona: Shona ✧ SNA ✧ Bantu language spoken by over 8 million, official in Zimbabwe but also heard in Botswana, Mozambique and Zambia. It has two tones, not shown in writing.

28 Chivabvu 2020  ▭

Shor [Kondoma]: Shor [Kondoma] ✧ CJS ✧ Turkic. Both Shor dialects together have 2800 speakers in Siberia’s Kemerovo Province. Mongolian and Russian loans, preliterate until 1885.

28 pass au or zhabyn au 2020

Shor [Mrassu]: Shor [Mrassu] ✧ CJS ✧ The other major dialect of Shor

28 пес айы [pes ayï] 2020

Shoshone [Eastern]: Shoshone [Eastern] ✧ SHH ✧ Uto-Aztecan family. In all dialects inclusive, natively spoken by 1000 in Idaho, Nevada, Utah, and Wyoming. Features some whispered vowels. Lewis and Clark’s translator, Sacagawea, was Shoshone.

28 Buhi Mea "Green month" 2020

Shuar: Shuar ✧ JIV ✧ Jivaroan family, 35,000 jungle-dwelling speakers in Ecuador’s Morona-Santiago and Pastaza Provinces. Not to be confused with Shiwiar, though of the same family. Generations ago, the Shuar produced shrunken heads (“tsantsa” in Shuar).

28 yumi 2020  ▭

Sicilian: Sicilian ✧ SCN ✧ Indo-European, Romance. Arabic and Greek influences with pre-Indo-European roots. One departure from Italian is that Sicilian uses the vowels E and O far less frequently.

28 màiu 2020  ▭

Sikaiana: Sikaiana ✧ SKY ✧ Malayo-Polynesian, spoken by 750 on the small, isolated atol Sikaina in the Solomon Islands. Features two vowel lengths, so two words that differ only by that feature can have unrelated meanings.

28 Mee 2020

Silesian: Silesian ✧ SZL ✧ West Slavic, spoken by half a million in Poland and the Czech Republic. Some authorities consider it a dialect of Polish, others don't. In any case about a dozen sub-dialects of Silesian are cited, one unique to Panna Maria, Texas.

28 maj 2020  ▭

Siona (Bai Coca): Siona (Bai Coca) ✧ SNN ✧ Tucanoan family, spoken by 500 Siona people in Colombia and Ecuador along the Putumayo River. They are akin to the Secoya (Pai Coca) speakers (q.v.) and under similar threat.

28 wiy'aberẽ 2020

Slavey [North]: Slavey [North] ✧ SCS ✧ Na-Dené, Athabaskan. Slavey as a whole has around 1800 speakers among the Slavey and Sahtu people in the Northwest Territories. This is the North dialect, 800 speakers.

28 Gokanaretį Sah 2020

Slavey [South]: Slavey [South] ✧ XSL ✧ This is the South Slavey dialect, 1000 speakers.

28 Nawhį zá 2020  ▭

Slavonic [Old Church]: Slavonic [Old Church] ✧ CHU ✧ Indo-European, Slavic, dating from the 9th century. The original model for the Cyrillic alphabet, it called itself словѣ́ньскъ ѩꙁꙑ́къ [slověnĭskŭ językŭ].

XXVIII [mai] MMXX

Slavonic [New Church]: Slavonic [New Church] ✧ CHU ✧ The current liturgical language used in conservative Slavic European Orthodox churches as well as the American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Diocese. Descended from Old Church Slavonic (above).

28 ма́їй [máyi] 2020

Slovenian [Standard Premodern]: Slovenian [Standard Premodern] ✧ SLV ✧ Indo-European, South Slavic, standardized from the Carniolan and other dialects during the 18th century. Not to be confused with Slovak, which is WEST Slavic and close to Czech (q.v.).

28 veliki traven “Large grass” 2020  ▭

Slovenian [Prekmurian Premodern]: Slovenian [Prekmurian Premodern] ✧ SLV ✧ Prekmurian is a Slovenian dialect spoken in northeast Slovenia and western Hungary. It’s sufficiently divergent both culturally and linguistically that many consider it a separate language.

28 risáošček 2020

Slovenian [Resian]: Slovenian [Resian] ✧ SLV ✧ From the Resia Valley in Italy’s Udine Province. Heavy Italic influences, considered a separate language by most speakers. Unlike Standard Slovenian its alphabet includes W.

28 mäj 2020

Somali: Somali ✧ SOM ✧ Afro-Asiatic family, Cushitic. Employs vowel harmony and three tones, spoken in the horn of Africa and in diaspora communities by 15 million.

28 bisha shanaad -or- riyaale -or- dirir 2020

Soninke: Soninke ✧ SNK ✧ Niger-Congo family, Western Mande, spoken in Mali (official), Senegal (official), Côte d'Ivoire, The Gambia (official), Mauritania (official), Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, and Ghana. It uses the Arabic and Roman alphabets.

28 menxaso 2020

Sorbian (Lusatian or Wend) [Lower]: Sorbian (Lusatian or Wend) [Lower] ✧ WEN ✧ Indo-European, West Slavic, spoken by 10,000 in lower Saxony (Brandenburg). Six noun cases.

28 rozhelony 2020  ▭

Sorbian (Lusatian or Wend) [Upper]: Sorbian (Lusatian or Wend) [Upper] ✧ WEN ✧ Indo-European, West Slavic, spoken by 40,000 in upper Saxony. Seven noun cases — one more than Lower Sorbian.

28 róžownik 2020  ▭

Sotho (Sesotho): Sotho (Sesotho) ✧ SOT ✧ Niger-Congo, Southern Bantu, spoken in Lesotho (where it’s the official language) and South Africa. It’s tonal, and its novel sound inventory further includes ejectives, clicks, and a uvular trill.

28 Motšeanong 2020

Sotho [Northern] (Pedi): Sotho [Northern] (Pedi) ✧ SOT ✧ Another dialect of Sotho, South Africa.

28 Moseganong 2020

Southern Luo [Lango]: Southern Luo [Lango] ✧ LAJ ✧ Nilo-Saharan family, Uganda. Luo is a group of several mutually intelligible dialects. This is Lango, with 1. 5 million speakers. All numerals under 20 begin with A.

28 Kwiinyambála 2020

Southern Min (Minnan): Southern Min (Minnan) ✧ NAN ✧ Sino-Tibetan, Min, spoken by 47 million in China’s Fujian province. It’s unintelligible even with other Min branch languages, let alone Chinese.

28 五月 gō͘-go̍eh 2020  ▭

Standard Moroccan Berber (Tamazight): Standard Moroccan Berber (Tamazight) ✧ ZGH ✧ Afro-Asiatic, Berber. This language was standardized in 2011 through amendments to the Moroccan Constitution.

28 [mayyu]/span> 2020  ▭

Sudovian (Yotvingian): Sudovian (Yotvingian) ✧ XSV ✧ Indo-European, Baltic, unfortunately extinct by 1600. It was mutually intelligible with Samlandish (q.v.).

28 geguze -or- maijis 2020  ▭

Sumo [Northern, Mayangna]: Sumo [Northern, Mayangna] ✧ SUM ✧ Like Miskito (q.v.), from the small Misumalpan family. There are approx. 9000 speakers of Sumo languages in the Huaspuc River area in Nicaragua and Honduras; shown here is the Mayangna dialect.

28 pisba wainku “Ojoche tree month” 2020

Sumo [Northern, Tawakha]: Sumo [Northern, Tawakha] ✧ YAN ✧ Another Sumo dialect. Tawakha and Miskito (q.v.) are close kin and many Tawakha in the area (at the mouth of the river Wampú on the Atlantic side of Honduras) are trilingual between Tawakha, Miskito, and Spanish.

28 pisba waiku “Ojoche tree month” 2020

Sumo [Southern, Ulwa]: Sumo [Southern, Ulwa] ✧ ULW ✧ Another Sumo dialect with about 400 speakers in eastern Nicaragua.

28 wilih wâna waikaku 2020

Svan: Svan ✧ SVA ✧ Kartvelian family (Like Georgian, Mingrelian, and Laz — qq.v.), spoken in the Svaneti region of Georgia by around 30,000, who call it lushnu nin. It has no written standard.

კჱ უ̂არდობ [ûardob] ცკ  ▭

Swazi (siSwati): Swazi (siSwati) ✧ SSW ✧ Niger-Congo, Bantu. Swaziland (official), Lesotho, Mozambique, and South Africa. Three tones, none of which is expressed in writing.

28 íNkhwekhwéti 2020  ▭

Swedish [Traditional/Folk]: Swedish [Traditional/Folk] ✧ SWE ✧ North Germanic, descended from Old Norse. This is Swedish’s premodern terminology.

28 blomstermånad “Flower month” -or- lövmånad “Leaf month” 2020

Syriac Aramaic (Suret): Syriac Aramaic (Suret) ✧ SYC ✧ Afro-Asiatic, Northwest Semitic, still used for liturgical purposes by Syrian Christians in Turkey, Iraq, Syria, and Armenia. Its script shares its ancestry with Hebrew and maps to it one-to-one. Not to be confused with Amharic (q.v.).

[yārr]  

⌅

Tabasaran: Tabasaran ✧ TAB ✧ Northeast Caucasian language notable for its vast noun case inventory — 48, give or take. Natively it lacks the vowel O; the palochka character (Ӏ) makes preceding consonant an ejective.

28 дактракь [daktraqʼ] 2020  ▭

Tacana: Tacana ✧ TNA ✧ Western Tacanan family, 1053 speakers out of a total native population of 7345 along the Beni & Madre de Dios rivers in Bolivia

28 badhi pishika 2020

Tachelhit (Shilha or Sussian): Tachelhit (Shilha or Sussian) ✧ SHI ✧ Afro-Asiatic, Berber, southern Morocco (or central Morocco, if you recognize its shaky claim on Western Sahara). Writings date from the 16th century CE. Consonant length is contrastive.

28 [mayyuh] 2020

Tagalog [Pre-colonial]: Tagalog [Pre-colonial] ✧ TGL ✧ Malayo-Polynesian, Central Philippine, spoken by approx. 70 million (28 million fluently). This is the endemic terminology shown in the first Tagalog dictionary, published by Franciscan priest Pedro de San Buenaventura in 1613.

28 pangalan nang buang ikalima sa lakad nang taon 2020  ▭

Taita (Daw'ida): Taita (Daw'ida) ✧ DAV ✧ Niger-Congo family, Bantu. 400,000 speakers in Kenya’s Taita Hills. Taita has three chief dialects, Daw’ida, Kasigau, and Sagala; but the latter diverges enough to be considered a separate language.

28 Mori ghwa kasanu 2020

Taki Taki (Sranan Tongo): Taki Taki (Sranan Tongo) ✧ SRN ✧ An English/Dutch/Portuguese/West African Creole spoken in Suriname. The second verse of Suriname’s national anthem is sung in Taki Taki.

28 Feifimun 2020  ▭

Talinga (Lubwisi): Talinga (Lubwisi) ✧ TLJ ✧ Niger-Congo family, Bantu, 99,000 speakers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (where they call it Talinga) and Uganda (where they call it Lubwisi)

28 Kwakataanu 2020

Tamahaq: Tamahaq ✧ THV ✧ Afro-Asiatic, Berber, Northern Tuareg language spoken in Algeria, western Libya, and Northern Niger. Three dialects, 77,000 speakers.

28 mayiw 2020

Tamambo (Malo): Tamambo (Malo) ✧ MLA ✧ Malayo-Polynesian, Southern Oceanic, West Santo, 4000 speakers on Vanuatu’s Malo Island and Espiritu Santo. Plural pronouns specify inclusive or exclusive of the person being spoken to.

28 bongi visosola 2020

Tamil: Tamil ✧ TAM ✧ Dravidian family, India. Split off from Malayalam 9th century CE. Pronouns offer several levels of politeness.

28 [mē] 2020  ▭

Tanacross: Tanacross ✧ TCB ✧ Athabaskan language with approx. 30 speakers (middle Tanana River, Alaska). Earliest written records of it date from 1839.

28 ch’egaay s̱ǎa’ “Baby animal month” 2020  ▭

Tangsa [Hakhun][Premodern]: Tangsa [Hakhun][Premodern] ✧ NST ✧ Sino-Tibetan, Brahmaputran, Konyak. Its Hakhun dialect, shown here, is spoken by 10,000 in India’s Arunachal Pradesh (Changlang and Tirap Districts) and Assam and in the adjacent Sagaing Division of Myanmar.

28 Sithe Da [sîtʰé dá] 2020

Tasawaq (Ingelshi): Tasawaq (Ingelshi) ✧ TWQ ✧ Tentatively assigned to Nilo-Saharan, Songhay, though heavily influenced by Berber languages. 8000 speakers, Niger.

28 me 2020

Tatar [Central or Kazan]: Tatar [Central or Kazan] ✧ TAT ✧ Turkic, spoken in Tatarstan. Has used Arabic, Roman, & Cyrillic alphabets. Tatar is on the decline, being supplanted by Russian despite Tatarstan’s constitution guaranteeing equal status of both languages.

28 may 2020  ▭

Telugu: Telugu ✧ TEL ✧ Dravidian family, Andhra Pradesh, the fourth most heavily spoken language in India. Like most if not all Brahmi-derived scripts, Telugu’s reads left-to-right. Oldest exclusively Telugu text, 575 CE.

28 [mē] 2020  ▭

Tem [Kotokoli]: Tem [Kotokoli] ✧ KDH ✧ Niger-Congo family, Gur, Gurunsi, 340,000 speakers in Togo, Ghana, and Benin. Tonal, vowel length is contrastive (the long version shown by doubling the letter).

28 ɖúúdi 2020

Temne: Temne ✧ TEM ✧ Niger-Congo, Bantu language spoken in Sierra Leone, four tones. Uses a modified Roman alphabet with the additional characters Ʌ, Ɛ, Ə, Ŋ, Ɔ, along with Gb and Th which are both treated as single letters.

28 Yántomi 2020

Teso (Ateso): Teso (Ateso) ✧ TEO ✧ Nilo-Saharan language spoken in Kenya, Uganda by 1. 6 million. Not conventionally tonal, but has contrastive syllable stress. (So does Englsh sometimes: combine as a verb, combine as a noun.)

28 Omaruk “Month of slender stomachs” 2020

Tetum (Tetun): Tetum (Tetun) ✧ TET ✧ Malayo-Polynesian language with Portuguese influences, East Timor, 500,000 speakers. As of 2002, Tetum and Portuguese have been the the sole official languages of East Timor.

28 maiu 2020

Thadou: Thadou ✧ TCZ ✧ An endangered Sino-Tibetan language spoken by 230,000 in Manipur and Assam in northeast India and in Myanmar. There are about a dozen mutually intelligible dialects.

28 lhaphul 2020

Thai: Thai ✧ THA ✧ Now assigned to the Kra-Dai family, previously considered Sino-Tibetan. Through Buddhism, Thai inherited lots of Indo-European Sanskrit and Pali. Its script is an abugida, i.e., halfway between an alphabet and a syllabary.

๒๘ พฤษภาคม [phrɯ́tsaphaakhom] “Bull” ๒๐๒๐  ▭

Tibetan [Standard or Lhasa]: Tibetan [Standard or Lhasa] ✧ BOD ✧ Sino-Tibetan, agglutinative, bitonal, three speech registers: Phal-skad (informal), Zhe-sa (polite/respectful), Chos-skad (religious, as it appears in scriptures).

༢༨ ta¹³wa¹³ŋa⁵⁵pa⁵³ ༢༠༢༠  ▭

Tibetan [Dégé]: Tibetan [Dégé] ✧ BOD ✧ The Tibetan dialect spoken in China’s Sichuan Province. The character ɳ in these Tibetan transcriptions represents an n sound with the tongue curled backwards.

༢༨ da¹³wa⁵³ŋa⁵³pa⁵³ ༢༠༢༠

Tibetan [Written]: Tibetan [Written] ✧ BOD ✧ Written Tibetan quite famously diverges from its spoken form. Writing conventions had fossilized while the speech evolved over many centuries, such that the oral version of a word can be entirely different from the written.

༢༨ zla ba lŋa pa ༢༠༢༠

Ticuna: Ticuna ✧ TCA ✧ Possibly a language isolate, spoken by 50,000 in Brazil, Peru, and Colombia. Six vowels (A, E, I, O, U and Ü), nine tones, glottal stops indicated by X.

28 [May unknown] 2020

Tigrinya: Tigrinya ✧ TIR ✧ Afro-Asiatic, South Semitic. Ethiopia & Eritrea, 9 million speakers, related to Blin (q.v.). Like English and unlike many of its close relatives, Tigrinya uses phrasal verbs.

28 ግንቦት [ghinbot] 2020  ▭

Timbisha [Panamint]: Timbisha [Panamint] ✧ PAR ✧ Uto-Aztecan family, native to California’s Owens and Death Valleys and parts of Nevada, 20 speakers. Name refers to rock paint.

28 manükim müattsi 2020

Tiriyó (Trio): Tiriyó (Trio) ✧ TRI ✧ Cariban family, Taranoan, spoken by 2100 in Brazil’s Pará State and in Suriname’s Sipaliwini District. Its two dialects are referred to as H Tiriyó and K Tiriyó. Heavy Dutch influences.

28 meipo 2020

Tiwa [Southern]: Tiwa [Southern] ✧ TIX ✧ A language from the Tanoan family spoken by 1600 at Isleta Pueblo and Sandia Pueblo, New Mexico; and Ysleta del Sur Pueblo, Texas. Its sound inventory is relatively large: 26 consonants and six vowels with contrastive nasal versions.

28 Mayu 2020

Tlingit: Tlingit ✧ TLI ✧ Na-Dené family, USA Pacific northwest, nearly extinct

28 At gadaxéet yinaa Dís 2020  ▭

Tobian: Tobian ✧ TOX ✧ Malayo-Polynesian, Micronesian, Trukic, critically endangered, native to Palau’s states of Hatohobei, Koror, and Sonsorol. 150 native speakers, nowadays mostly in Koror.

28 harimouwari maham 2020  ▭

Tocharian B (West or Kuchean) *: Tocharian B (West or Kuchean) * ✧ TXB ✧ Tocharian was a branch of Indo-European, extinct since the ninth century, spoken in China’s Tarim Basin. There are three members known: A (Agnean), B, and C (Kroränian). This is B, taken from the work of linguist Douglas Q. Adams.

XXVIII śtarte meñe MMXX  ▭

Tofalar (Tofa or Karagas): Tofalar (Tofa or Karagas) ✧ KIM ✧ Moribund, mildly tonal Turkic language closely related to Tuvan (q.v.) with approx. 90 speakers in the Irkutsk region. Uses an augmented Cyrillic alphabet of 42 characters.

28 шомур ай [šоmur ay] 2020  ▭

Tok Pisin (New Guinea Pidgin): Tok Pisin (New Guinea Pidgin) ✧ TPI ✧ English-based creole with 120,000 fluent speakers and another 4 million with L 2 proficiency, the lingua franca of Papua New Guinea. Beyond its English substrate it borrows from local Malayo-Polynesian languages and German.

28 numba faiv mun 2020  ▭

Tokelauan [Traditional]: Tokelauan [Traditional] ✧ TKL ✧ Malayo-Polynesian, approx. 4300 speakers in American Samoa (on Tokelau and Swains Island) and New Zealand. Tokelauan and Tuvaluan are mutually intelligible.

28 Toe Hiliga 2020

Tolowa (Siletz Dee-ni): Tolowa (Siletz Dee-ni) ✧ TOL ✧ Na-Dené, Pacific Coast Athabaskan, natively extinct. Linguist Loren Bommelyn teaches Tolowa in Crescent City, CA. It features ejectives, contrastive vowel length and nasality.

28 Srwee-la num-nii-man’s 2020

Tonga (Nyasa) [Traditional]: Tonga (Nyasa) [Traditional] ✧ TOG ✧ Niger-Congo, Bantu, Botatwe (according to some) language spoken by 170,000 in The Republic of Malawi. Tonal. Not to be confused with Malayo-Polynesian Tongan below.

28 Kaanda kaniini 2020

Tongan: Tongan ✧ TON ✧ Malayo-Polynesian. Only one vowel per syllable, no blended consonants. Kingdom of Tonga, 187,000 speakers. Not to be confused with the Bantu language Tonga above.

28 Me 2020  ▭

Trique [Copala]: Trique [Copala] ✧ TRC ✧ Oto-Manguean family, Mixtecan branch, spoken in San Juan Copala, Oaxaca, Mexico and by migrants in San Quintín Valley, Baja California. There are 26,000 speakers of Trique in general, 15,000 of the Copala dialect.

28 yavii mayó 2020

Trique [Chicahuaxtla]: Trique [Chicahuaxtla] ✧ TRC ✧ Dialect of Trique heard in San Andrés Chicahuaxtla, Oaxaca, Mexico. 6000 speakers.

28 máyúu 2020

Tsafiki (Tsachila or Colorado): Tsafiki (Tsachila or Colorado) ✧ COF ✧ Barbacoan family, spoken by 2300 ethnic Tsachilas in Ecuador. Natively Tsafiki only had concise terms for the numbers 1 through 5; for higher numbers it has since borrowed from Spanish.

28 chikunde pu'ka lun pe 2020

Tsez (Dido): Tsez (Dido) ✧ DDO ✧ Northeast Caucasian, endangered, 15,000 speakers in Southern Dagestan. Heavy influences from Russian, Avar, Arabic, Georgian, and Turkic languages. Rich consonant inventory but like others of its family lacks an f sound.

28 май [mai] 2020  ▭

Tshangla (Sharchop): Tshangla (Sharchop) ✧ TSJ ✧ Sino-Tibetan, Bodish, spoken by 170,000 in Bhutan’s Trashigang district, Tibet, and Arunachal Pradesh in India. Derives much of its vocabulary from Classical Tibetan; both evolved from a common ancestor.

28 dawa ŋapa -or- dʐeda 2020  ▭

Tsimshian [Coast]: Tsimshian [Coast] ✧ TSI ✧ Indigenous language spoken by around 240 in British Columbia and Alaska. Possibly an isolate.

28 Ha’ lila’x siɬa’a’sk “Time to harvest seaweed” 2020

Tsonga: Tsonga ✧ TSO ✧ Niger-Congo family, Bantu, 12 million native speakers. Uses whistling sounds and a single click.

28 Mudyaxihi 2020  ▭

Tswana (Setswana): Tswana (Setswana) ✧ TSN ✧ Niger-Congo family, Bantu; official in Botswana, Zimbabwe, South Africa. Like Gourmantché (q.v.), Tswana nouns divide into classes and each takes a prefix corresponding to that class, providing a clue to its meaning.

28 Motsheganong 2020

Tuareg [Tamasheq]: Tuareg [Tamasheq] ✧ TAQ ✧ Afro-Asiatic, Berber, traditionally of the Kel Adrar people, a dialect/subset of Tuareg spoken by half a million in Mali. Complex “avoidance” behavior in communication.

28 [mayo] 2020  ▭

Tujia [Southern]: Tujia [Southern] ✧ TJS ✧ Sino-Tibetan, but unclassified within that family due to its extensive borrowing from neighboring languages. Tonal, spoken by 70,000 in China’s northwest Hunan Province.

28 ʔu⁵⁵ jye³³ 2020

Tumbuka: Tumbuka ✧ TUM ✧ Niger-Congo, Bantu. Speakers in Malawi, Zambia, & Tanzania. One and half a million speakers.

28 Me 2020

Tunica: Tunica ✧ TUN ✧ Language isolate native to central Louisiana, extinct since the 1948 death of Mr. Sesostrie Youchigant, who worked with linguist Mary Haas, but now spoken as an acquired language by 32 people through the efforts of the Tunica-Biloxi tribe. Tonal.

28 Tahch’ahipu 2020  ▭

Turkish [Standard]: Turkish [Standard] ✧ TUR ✧ From the Altaic family. Earliest inscriptions, eighth century CE, found in Mongolia. Turkish’s distinctive undotted I (lower case, ı) signals a schwa sound (IPA ə) as in a̱bout.

28 mayıs -or- göç ayı 2020  ▭

Turkish [Meskhetian]: Turkish [Meskhetian] ✧ TUR ✧ Dialect spoken by the Meskheti disapora throughout Russia. Before Stalin’s expulsions, the Meskhetian homeland centered in southwest Georgia adjacent to the Turkish border.

28 май [mai] 2020

Turkish [Ottoman]: Turkish [Ottoman] ✧ TUR ✧ Turkish of the Ottoman Empire before 20th century reforms. Ottoman Turkish borrowed over 80% of its vocabulary from Arabic and Persian; Atatürk’s 1928 reforms restored the native Turkish.

28 майыс [mayis] 2020

Turkmen 1 [Pre-Niyazov]: Turkmen 1 [Pre-Niyazov] ✧ TUK ✧ Altaic family, Turkic, Oghuz. Nine million speakers, largely intelligible with Azeri and Turkish. But unlike Turkish, Turkmen uses the th sounds, both voiced (IPA ð, spelled with a Z) and unvoiced (IPA θ, spelled with an S). Interestingly, it has no s sound.

28 maý 2020  ▭

Turkmen 2 [Post-Niyazov]: Turkmen 2 [Post-Niyazov] ✧ TUK ✧ As decreed by dictator Saparmurat Niyazov (1940 –2006)

28 Magtymguly (Niyazov's favorite poet) 2020  ▭

Turkmen 3 [Post-Post-Niyazov]: Turkmen 3 [Post-Post-Niyazov] ✧ TUK ✧ Since 2008, back by popular demand!

28 maý 2020  ▭

Tuscarora: Tuscarora ✧ TUS ✧ There were only three reported speakers of this Northern Iroquoian language in 2007, so it may well be extinct or nearly so. Nominally its range is the Six Nations Reserve in Southern Ontario and the Lewiston Tuscarora (“hemp people”) reserve in New York State.

28 kęnę́hteh 2020

Tutchone [Northern]: Tutchone [Northern] ✧ TTM ✧ Na-Dené family, North Athabascan, about 350 native speakers of Tutchone as a whole. This northern subgroup: Yukon communities of Mayo, Pelly and Stewart Crossing, Carmacks, and Beaver Creek.

28 E nahko ze “Snowshoe wearing-out month” 2020

Tutchone [Southern, Aishihik]: Tutchone [Southern, Aishihik] ✧ TCE ✧ Southern or Aishihik Tutchone is spoken in the Yukon communities of Aishihik, Burwash Landing, Champagne, Haines Junction, Kloo Lake, Klukshu, Lake Laberge, and Whitehorse.

28 N-t’ąy kä̀natl’et nzhā “Budding leaves month” -or- Tän ghą̈̄r nzhā “when ice crystalizes” 2020  ▭

Tuvan: Tuvan ✧ TYV ✧ A Turkic language with Mongolian loans spoken by 280,000 in the Russian Republic of Tuva in southern Siberia. Nobel laureate Richard Feynman popularized Tuva and its language among western readers in his posthumously published book Tuva or Bust.

28 беш ай [beš ay] 2020  ▭

Tyap (Katab): Tyap (Katab) ✧ KCG ✧ Niger-Congo, West Plateau. 200,000 speakers, Nigeria. Natively it lacks both the h and unblended z sounds.

28 Zwat Tswon 2020

Tzotzil: Tzotzil ✧ TZO ✧ Mayan family, Cholan-Tzeltalan branch, spoken by 400,000 in Chiapas, Mexico. The verb typically comes at the beginning of a sentence.

28 mayo 2020  ▭

⌅

Uab Meto: Uab Meto ✧ AOZ ✧ Malayo-Polynesian family, unusual gender distinctions, spoken by 800,000 Atoni people in Indonesian West Timor. Not counting the glottal stop, it gets by with 10 consonants.

28 fun-nima’ 2020  ▭

Ubykh: Ubykh ✧ UBY ✧ Extinct Northwest Caucasian language notable for its staggering consonant inventory and many other complexities. Its last native speaker was Circassian exile Tevfik Esenç (1904 –1992) who worked extensively with linguists to document his language.

28 [May unknown] 2020  ▭

Udmurt (Votyak): Udmurt (Votyak) ✧ UDM ✧ Uralic family, related to Komi (q.v.). 500,000 speakers in the central Urals. Natively lacks an f sound, which it uses only for names and Russian loans.

28 куартолэзь [kuartolez’] 2020  ▭

Ukrainian: Ukrainian ✧ UKR ✧ Indo-European, East Slavic, Polish affinities. Unlike Russian, it employs the characters Ґ, Є, І, and Ї but not Ы or Ъ. It differs also in employing a vocative case, i.e., an inflection indicating the subject is being addressed.

28 травень [travеn’] “Herbs” 2020  ▭

Ukrainian [Premodern]: Ukrainian [Premodern] ✧ UKR ✧ Older Ukrainian

28 пісенник [pisennyk] -or- місяць-громовик [misyats’-gromovyk] “Half moonlight” 2020

Unami [Lenape]: Unami [Lenape] ✧ UNM ✧ Nominally extinct Algonquian language of the New Jersey area Lenape people

28 Tainipen “Begin Summer Month” 2020

Upper Chinook [Clackamas]: Upper Chinook [Clackamas] ✧ WAC ✧ From the Chinookan family of northwest Oregon. Upper Chinook went extinct with the death of its last fluent speaker Gladys Thompson in 2012. There were about half a dozen dialects; this one was spoken along the Clackamas and Sandy Rivers.

28 gitiga’lgui 2020  ▭

Upper Kuskokwim: Upper Kuskokwim ✧ KUU ✧ Athabaskan, only 40 speakers (Alaska). Features a voiceless n sound. Revival efforts currently underway through the efforts of The Dinakʼi Language Preservation and Revitalization Project.

28 ch’ighazrno’o’ 2020

Upper Tanana [Tetlin]: Upper Tanana [Tetlin] ✧ TAU ✧ Athabaskan, akin to Tanacross (q.v.), fewer than 100 speakers of Upper Tanana generally. This is the dialect of Tetlin, Alaska. Vowel length is contrastive, and like Polish the language also features nasal versions: ą, ąą, į, įį, ọ, and ọọ.

28 Haɬee Saa 2020

Urhobo: Urhobo ✧ URH ✧ Niger-Congo, Edoid, spoken by half a million living near the Niger River or in boats on it. They worship ancestors and also the water spirit Ohworhu.

28 ẹyeórin 2020  ▭

Uyghur: Uyghur ✧ UIG ✧ Turkic, loans from Persian, Russian, Chinese. Spoken in China’s Xinjiang region. Not to be confused with Western Yugur (q.v.), another Turkic language.

28 beshinchi ay 2020  ▭

⌅

Vai: Vai ✧ VAI ✧ Niger-Congo family, Mande. Tonal, 75,000 speakers, Liberia. Its syllabary writing system was devised by Momolu Duwalu Bukele during the early 19th century, saying it came to him in a dream.

28 goo 2020  ▭

Venda: Venda ✧ VEN ✧ Niger-Congo family, Bantu branch. 800,000 speakers in South Africa (Limpopo Province) and Zimbabwe.

28 Shundunthule 2020

Venetian: Venetian ✧ VEC ✧ Spoken in and around Venice and also in Brazil’s Rio Grande do Sul and the Mexican city of Chipilo in Puebla State. Features un-Italian sounds ç (like Greek θ) and, as also in Polish, ł (like English w).

28 majo 2020  ▭

Veps: Veps ✧ VEP ✧ Finno-Ugric, approx. 6300 speakers mostly near the Gulf of Finland. It has 23 noun cases, the most of any Finnic language.

28 semendku 2020

Vietnamese (Annamese): Vietnamese (Annamese) ✧ VIE ✧ Austroasiatic family, at one time written with Chinese-derived script called Chữ nôm. Five tones, shown by diacritics (example: á, à, ã, ả, and ạ), plus neutral. Other diacritics — breves, horns, circumflexes — modify vowel sounds.

28 tháng năm 2020  ▭

Võro: Võro ✧ VRO ✧ Finno-Ugric, related to Veps (q.v.), 80,000 speakers in southern Estonia. Unlike Estonian but like Votic (q.v.), it still features vowel harmony. Its front vowels (y, ø, e, æ) and back vowels (u, o, ɤ, a) cannot coexist within the same word.

28 lehekuu 2020  ▭

Votic (Votian or Vote): Votic (Votian or Vote) ✧ VOT ✧ Uralic, Finnic, < 20 speakers in two villiages near Narva, Estonia. Like other Finnic languages such as Võro (q.v.), it uses vowel harmony, here classifying ä, e, ö, and ü as front and a, õ, o, and u as back.

28 mai 2020

⌅

Wa [Parauk]: Wa [Parauk] ✧ PRK ✧ Austroasiatic, Mon-Khmer, spoken by 820,000 hilltop-dwelling ethnic Wa in Thailand, Myanmar, southern China. Wa’s scripts have long been in a state of flux; shown here is Parauk Wa’s Yaong Soi dialect, expressed in IPA.

28 kʰiʔ pʰwan 2020

Waama (Yoabu): Waama (Yoabu) ✧ WWA ✧ Niger-Congo, Gur, Oti-Volta, spoken by 50,000 in Benin. Closely related to Mbèlimè and Moba (qq.v.).

28 kparikparipɛɛto 2020

Wali {Ghana}: Wali {Ghana} ✧ WLX ✧ Niger-Congo family, Gur, Moré–Dagbani, 140,000 speakers centered around the city of Wa and nearby villages in Ghana’s Upper West Region. Not to be confused with Nilo-Saharan Wali spoken in Sudan. Like Finnic and Turkic languages, Wali exhibits vowel harmony.

28 ‘chiuri a’nu daana 2020

Wallisian (East Uvean): Wallisian (East Uvean) ✧ WLS ✧ Polynesian, spoken by around 10,000 on Wallis Island of Wallis and Futuna. Akin to Rennell-Bellona and Tongan (qq.v.).

28 maio 2020

Walloon: Walloon ✧ WLN ✧ Indo-European, Romance, Langue d’oïl, native to Belgium’s Wallonia region. Its writings date back to 1500s. Despite its traditional label as a French dialect, Walloon and French show little mutual intelligibility.

28 di may 2020  ▭

Waorani (Sabela or Auishiri): Waorani (Sabela or Auishiri) ✧ AUC ✧ Language isolate spoken by 2000 mostly Huaorani natives in Ecuador’s Napo, Orellana and Pastaza Provinces plus possibly some “uncontacted” people nearby

28 eyeketede 2020

Warao: Warao ✧ WBA ✧ This is an endangered language isolate spoken by 32,000 on Trinidad and along the northeast coast of South America in a thin strip ranging over Guyana, Suriname, and Venezuela. The 2015 Venezuelan film Gone with the River is in Warao.

28 waniku mojobasi 2020

Waray-Waray [Premodern]: Waray-Waray [Premodern] ✧ WAR ✧ Malayo-Polynesian, Central Visayan, 2. 6 million speakers. Philippines. Baybayin script shown.

28 / badlukan 2020  ▭

Wayuu (Goajiro): Wayuu (Goajiro) ✧ GUC ✧ Arawakan family, Northern, spoken by 305,000 in northwest Venezuela and northeast Colombia. Vowels can be short or long (a => aa, etc.), as can the consonants m, n, and t.

28 maayo 2020

Welsh (Cymric): Welsh (Cymric) ✧ CYM ✧ Indo-European, Celtic, Brythonic. Over 700,000 speakers in Wales, England, Argentina, Canada, and the US — many of whom not named Jones. The F is voiced unless doubled; DD is the voiced th sound (IPA ð) in those.

28 Mai 2020  ▭

Winnebago (Ho-Chunk): Winnebago (Ho-Chunk) ✧ WIN ✧ Siouan family, related to Chiwere (q.v.), native to an area stretching from the Lake Michigan’s southwestern shore to east central Minnesota. As in some European languages like Polish and Lithuanian, nasalized vowels are contrastive and marked with ogoneks (a/ą, i/į, u/ų).

28 Mąą hitawus hii wiira -or- Mą́įtawúshiwíi 2020  ▭

Woleaian: Woleaian ✧ WLE ✧ Malayo-Polynesian, spoken by 1700 in the Federated States of Micronesia. While the language uses foreign loans, Woleaians are otherwise serious about preserving their culture and enforce strict rules against wearing western clothing.

28 galimouweli merame 2020

Wolof: Wolof ✧ WOL ✧ Niger-Congo language. Senegal, Gambia, Mauritania. The terms “okay” and “hep cat” may possibly have come from Wolof.

28 rakaati gamou 2020  ▭

Wutun (Ngandehua): Wutun (Ngandehua) ✧ WUH ✧ A preliterate Chinese/Tibetan/Mongolic creole with 2000 speakers in the villages of Upper Wutun and Lower Wutun, Tongren County in China’s eastern Qinghai province.

28 wu-yai 2020

Wymysorys (Wilamowicean/Vilamovian): Wymysorys (Wilamowicean/Vilamovian) ✧ WYM ✧ Germanic language with a few dozen mostly elderly speakers in Wilamowice, Poland. University of Warsaw graduate student Tymoteusz Król works to revive and promote the language.

28 mȧja 2020  ▭

⌅

Xhosa: Xhosa ✧ XHO ✧ Niger-Congo, Southern Bantu, bitonal (though not shown in writing) with many unusual consonants including 18 clicks

28 uCanzibe “Month of Canopus” 2020  ▭

Xincan [Jutiapa]: Xincan [Jutiapa] ✧ XIN ✧ Actually a family of natively extinct isolates, still spoken by a handfull in Guatamala as an acquired language. Lots of Mayan loans. The ʔ character signals a glottal stop.

28 puh ʔawa 2020

⌅

Yakut (Sakha): Yakut (Sakha) ✧ SAH ✧ Northern Turkic, grammatically genderless, spoken by 450,000 in the Sakha Republic in Northern Siberia

28 ыам ыйа [ɯam ɯya] 2020  ▭

Yanesha’ (Amuesha): Yanesha’ (Amuesha) ✧ AME ✧ Arawakan family. Spoken by approx. 7000 Yanesha’ in the Peruvian Amazon. Vowels are A, E, and O, each of which can be long, short, or glottalized. (U only occurs with QU, a Spanish holdover to signal a K sound.)

28 arrorryellem̃ 2020

Yangben (Central Yambasa): Yangben (Central Yambasa) ✧ YAV ✧ Niger-Congo family, Southern Bantoid, spoken by 17,000 in Cameroon. The children tend to learn French as their second language.

28 ensil -or- oóli ú kátánuɛ 2020

Yaqui (Hiaki): Yaqui (Hiaki) ✧ YAQ ✧ Uto-Aztecan family, 17,500 speakers in Sonora, Mexico; another 430 in Arizona. Seven noun cases. Special feature: an L in a word can be pronounced instead as an R to indicate disapproval of the subject.

28 mammet 2020  ▭

Yawa: Yawa ✧ YVA ✧ A language from the West Papuan family (perhaps), spoken by 10,000 at Yapen Island’s Cenderawasih Bay, Indonesia.

28 meije 2020

Yi(Nuosu): Yi(Nuosu) ✧ III ✧ Tibeto-Burman language spoken by ethnic Yi in China and southeast Asia

28 [ngema] 2020  ▭

Yi (Nuosu) [Northern Shengza, Xide]: Yi (Nuosu) [Northern Shengza, Xide] ✧ III ✧ A dialect of Yi spoken by the Shuitian people of Sichuan’s Liangshan Prefecture

28 khɯ³³ ɬɯ²¹ “Dog month” 2020

Yiddish (Judaeo-German): Yiddish (Judaeo-German) ✧ YID ✧ Arose from Old High German (q.v.) during the ninth century. It uses Hebrew script adapted to indicate vowels explicitly. Approx. 3 million speakers worldwide.

28 מיי [may] 2020  ▭

Yoruba: Yoruba ✧ YOR ✧ Niger-Congo family, spoken in Nigeria and Benin. Heavy Arabic influences. Yoruba also sees liturgical use in Santaría and other Afro-American religions in the Americas and the Caribbean.

28 Oṣù Ẹ^̀bibi -or- Ṣe 2020  ▭

Yuchi: Yuchi ✧ YUC ✧ Native American language of unknown ancestry, virtually extinct, Oklahoma

28 Deconendzo “Mulberries ripening” 2020

Yugur, Western {China}: Yugur, Western {China} ✧ YBE ✧ Turkic, Yenissei Turkic branch, 4600 speakers in China’s Sunan Yugur Autonomous County. Not to be confused with Uyghur (q.v.), another Turkic language, nor with Eastern Yugur, which isn’t Turkic but Mongolic.

28 pisïnçï ay 2020

Yukaghir [Tundra]: Yukaghir [Tundra] ✧ YKG ✧ A moribund two-language family, spoken by a few dozen in the Russian Far East

28 чуоҕаймэ чальдьэдордьэ [čuoɣaime čal’d’edord’e] 2020  ▭

Yupik [Central Siberian]: Yupik [Central Siberian] ✧ ESS ✧ Eskimo-Aleut family, Bering Strait area, about 1200 speakers — most of them on the US side. In its modified Cyrillic script, the letter Ђ/ђ represents a gh sound (IPA ɣ), like the German ch in Bach but voiced.

28 Kiigem Aghnaa / киигэм aђнaa 2020  ▭

Yup’ik [Chevak Cup’ik]: Yup’ik [Chevak Cup’ik] ✧ ??? ✧ A seriously endangered Yupi’k sub-dialect of Hooper Bay, Alaska. Only a few speakers, critically threatened. Genderless. The apostrophe indicates a geminated (longer) p sound.

28 Cupun 2020

Yup’ik [Mid-Alaskan]: Yup’ik [Mid-Alaskan] ✧ ESU ✧ Another Yup’ik dialect

28 Kayangut Anutiit 2020

⌅

Zapotec, Isthmus (Juchitán Zapotec): Zapotec, Isthmus (Juchitán Zapotec) ✧ ZAI ✧ Oto-Manguean, Central Zapotec, 85,000 speakers in Tehuantepec and Juchitán in Mexico’s State of Oaxaca. Rich inventory of vowels that come in plain, creaky, and checked — i.e., cut off at the end with a glottal stop.

28 beu' Zaá guii' xi “Month of the town party” 2020

Zapotec, Western Tlacolula Valley [Teotitlán del Valle]: Zapotec, Western Tlacolula Valley [Teotitlán del Valle] ✧ ZAB ✧ Documented in 2014 by linguist Brook Danielle Lillehaugen. Of WTV Zapotec’s six dialects, this one is the most divergent. Some 100 elderly speakers remain, in the village of Teotitlán del Valle, Oaxaca, southern Mexico.

28 may 2020  ▭

Zarma (Dyerma): Zarma (Dyerma) ✧ DJE ✧ Nilo-Saharan family, Songhay group, spoken by 3. 6 million in southwest Niger. Adds Ɲ (N with left hook) and Ŋ (eng) to its alphabet. It uses the letter V for loans, but many of its speakers stumble over it.

28 bine kuna 2020  ▭

Zaza(Zazaki or Dimli): Zaza(Zazaki or Dimli) ✧ ZZA ✧ Indo-European, Indo-Iranian; 2 to 4 million speakers, mostly in Turkey. This is the dialect a Zaza group is proposing as a spoken and literary standard.

28 gulane 2020  ▭

Zaza (Zazaki or Dimli) [Northern]: Zaza (Zazaki or Dimli) [Northern] ✧ KIU ✧ This is the Northern or Zazakiyê Zımey dialect of Zaza, spoken in Turkey’s Erzincan, Erzurum, Gumushane, Kayseri, Mus, Sivas, and Tunceli provinces.

28 gulane 2020

Zhuang: Zhuang ✧ ZHA ✧ Kra-Dai family, six tones, spoken in China’s Guangxi region. It has 16 chief dialects of widely varying interintelligibility. Previously written with a combination of Roman and Cyrillic, Zhuang now uses pure Roman.

28 nin haj -or- 5 nyied 2020

Zou (Zo) [India]: Zou (Zo) [India] ✧ ZOM ✧ Sino-Tibetan, Kuki-Chin, spoken by 82,000 in Myanmar, India, and by the Bom people in Bangladesh. This is the particular Zou spoken in India.

28 zîng hà 2020

Zou (Zomi) [Chin Hills]: Zou (Zomi) [Chin Hills] ✧ ZOM ✧ This is the Zou spoken in those areas other than India.

28 lóusielpiéh hlà -or- zîng hlà 2020  ▭

Zulu: Zulu ✧ ZUL ✧ Bantu language widely spoken in Southern Africa. Uses 15 different clicks, written as single letters, digraphs, and trigraphs.

28 uNhlaba 2020

Zuni: Zuni ✧ ZUN ✧ Language isolate spoken by 9500 descendents of the ancient Anasazi Civilization in New Mexico. An unusual Zuni trait is that it manages to get along without third person pronouns (he, she, it, they).

28 yachun kwa’shi’amme 2020

⌅

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Illustration: The Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry, mid-15th century French Gothic illuminations produced in the Low Countries. Months captioned in two common vernaculars of that time and place, Medieval Picard and Old Dutch.

Notes

1. They didn't, though, not to mention the fact Pope Gregory wouldn’t enter the picture for several more centuries. Etruscans marked dates pretty much like the Romans did; i.e., so many days leading up to the nones or ides, or preceding the start of the next month. The very word “ides,” as a matter of fact, likely derives from an Etruscan term for “divide.”

2. In a number of cases, especially with indigenous languages, the month-to-month correspondence between their own systems — all originally lunar — and the modern Gregorian one was less than definitive but at least strongly implied in the listings I’ve used as sources. This is a self-correcting situation anyway, since as time goes by more and more of them switch from lunar to solar and map themselves to it formally for the sake of modern convenience. Of course the month names of many languages bear no such correspondence, so aside from the special cases for Gaulish and my tweaked version of Tocharian you won’t see them displayed here.

3. Our source for the Gaulish system is the Coligny calendar dating from the 2nd century ce, discovered in France in 1897. Tocharian inherited its calendar from the Chinese system whose year began approximately in mid-February by our reckoning.

⌅⌅

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Jōgen-no-tsuki ·
Nanukazuki ↑

Special thanks:

Douglas Q. Adams (Tocharian B)
I Wayan Arka (Ronggo)
Lorraine Allen and John Ritter (Tutchone varieties)
Ansuharijaz (Frankish and Proto-Germanic reconstructions)
Mira Bergelson, Andrej A. Kibrik, Wayne Leman, and Marina Raskladkina (Ninilchik Russian)
Barbara Webster Black and Friends of Tobi (Tobian)
Roger Blench and Bitrus Kaze of the University of Cambridge (Many African languages)
Krishna Boro of the University of Oregon Deptartment of Linguistics (Hakhun Tangsa)
William Bright and Susan Gehr (Karuk)
Can Dai Quang (Cham)
Bernard Comrie of UC Santa Barbara and Timur Maisak (Bagvalal)
I Love Languages! Youtube author (Many sample videos I’ve linked to)
Eliza Jones, James Kari, Mildred Buck, plus others of the Alaska Native Language Center
František Kratochvíl and Benediktus Delpada (Abui)
Paul Lewis (Akha)
Lin Ying-Chin, Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica, Taipei (Tibetan, Pumi, Qiangic languages)
Ma Seng Mai of Payap University (Wa)
Patsou’s Des Mots et des Langues
Peace Corps language handbooks
Gertjan Postma (Brazilian Pomeranian)
Le Projet Babel (Vosgien Lorrain)
Antoninu Rubattu (Sardinian dialects)
Apay Tang (Truku dialect of Seediq)
Tomedes — Smart Human Translation (Homshetsi)
Suzanne Weryackwe of Arizona State University (Havasupai-Hualapai)
Qinglian Zhao (Naxi)
… and literally hundreds of other sources

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